Table 1 Patient characteristics by event outcomes at the start of observation period

Socio-demographics

Sex

 Female

39.3% (1,011)

34.7% (716)

44.2% (363)

41.4% (301)

20.0% (340)

 Male

60.7% (1564)

65.3% (1,345)

55.8% (459)

58.7% (427)

80.0% (1360)

Age, year

62.3 ± 9.6 (2575)

62.0 ± 9.5 (2061)

66.2 ± 10.4 (822)

64.2 ± 9.8 (728)

55.4 ± 10.6 (1700)

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

63.2% (1560)

61.0% (1205)

60.6% (471)

62.6% (432)

52.3% (839)

 Ex-smoker

19.5% (480)

20.1% (397)

22.7% (176)

22.0% (152)

25.9% (415)

 Current smoker

17.3% (428)

18.9% (374)

16.7% (130)

15.4% (106)

21.8% (349)

Alcohol status

 Non-drinker

67.6% (1520)

65.9% (1183)

71.3% (491)

67.6% (420)

56.0% (810)

 Ex-drinker

7.7% (174)

8.2% (147)

9.3% (64)

9.7% (60)

9.7% (140)

 Social drinker

20.8% (468)

21.9% (394)

16.0% (110)

19.0% (118)

28.8% (417)

 Current drinker

3.8% (86)

4.0% (72)

3.5% (24)

3.7% (23)

5.5% (79)

Clinical characteristics

HbA1c, %

7.9 ± 1.5 (2534)

7.9 ± 1.5 (2033)

8.0 ± 1.7 (811)

8.2 ± 1.6 (716)

8.2 ± 1.5 (1674)

Fasting glucose, mmol/L

8.5 ± 2.8 (2442)

8.5 ± 2.9 (1955)

8.6 ± 3.1 (790)

8.9 ± 2.9 (704)

8.9 ± 2.9 (1651)

Serum creatinine, umol/L

77.7 ± 20.8 (2553)

79.2 ± 21.2 (2043)

81.3 ± 25.7 (817)

77.7 ± 20.1 (724)

80.2 ± 21.3 (1691)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate, mL/min/1.73m²

87.4 ± 20.5 (1841)

86.2 ± 19.5 (1453)

82.7 ± 22.8 (555)

87.5 ± 22.1 (449)

91.3 ± 21.7 (1030)

Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, mg/mmol

3.7 ± 5.9 (1982)

3.5 ± 5.4 (1566)

5.4 ± 7.5 (599)

3.9 ± 5.6 (519)

3.8 ± 5.9 (1210)

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

134.4 ± 15.9 (2184)

134.1 ± 16.0 (1737)

136.3 ± 18.4 (657)

135.9 ± 17.2 (574)

133.2 ± 17.2 (1166)

Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

75.8 ± 10.7 (2184)

76.2 ± 10.7 (1737)

74.1 ± 12.1 (657)

75.9 ± 11.6 (574)

79.4 ± 10.6 (1166)

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

2.5 ± 0.8 (2508)

2.5 ± 0.8 (2010)

2.4 ± 0.8 (801)

2.5 ± 0.8 (714)

2.4 ± 0.8 (1667)

Total cholesterol, mmol/L

4.4 ± 1.0 (2519)

4.4 ± 1.0 (2019)

4.3 ± 1.1 (806)

4.4 ± 1.0 (716)

4.3 ± 0.9 (1670)

High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mmol/L

1.2 ± 0.3 (2513)

1.2 ± 0.3 (2015)

1.2 ± 0.3 (803)

1.2 ± 0.3 (714)

1.1 ± 0.3 (1668)

Total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio

4.0 ± 1.2 (2513)

4.0 ± 1.3 (2,015)

3.9 ± 1.3 (803)

3.9 ± 1.2 (714)

4.0 ± 1.2 (1668)

Triglyceride, mmol/L

1.7 ± 1.4 (2518)

1.7 ± 1.6 (2018)

1.7 ± 1.3 (805)

1.7 ± 1.1 (715)

1.8 ± 1.8 (1670)

Body mass index, kg/m²

28.4 ± 54.5 (1878)

28.1 ± 59.0 (1493)

27.8 ± 5.4 (538)

27.9 ± 28.5 (467)

28.6 ± 5.1 (948)

Haemoglobin, g/dL

13.6 ± 1.4 (2220)

13.6 ± 1.4 (1777)

13.3 ± 1.5 (752)

13.4 ± 1.4 (666)

14.6 ± 1.2 (1562)

Haematocrit, L/L

0.40 ± 0.04 (2190)

0.40 ± 0.04 (1757)

0.39 ± 0.04 (747)

0.40 ± 0.04 (659)

0.43 ± 0.03 (1557)

Red blood cell, × 10¹² /L

4.6 ± 0.6 (2191)

4.7 ± 0.6 (1758)

4.5 ± 0.6 (747)

4.6 ± 0.6 (659)

5.0 ± 0.5 (1557)

Duration of diabetes, year

11.9 ± 7.7 (2575)

12.1 ± 8.0 (2061)

12.6 ± 8.1 (822)

12.3 ± 7.5 (728)

10.3 ± 6.9 (1700)

Charlson Comorbidity Index

6.0 ± 1.3 (2575)

6.1 ± 1.3 (2061)

7.0 ± 1.6 (822)

6.5 ± 1.5 (728)

5.7 ± 1.5 (1700)

Severe hypoglycaemia (within 1 year before start of observation)

2.8% (71)

2.8% (57)

4.4% (36)

5.2% (38)

3.7% (62)

Use of medications (ever before start of observation)

Insulin

28.0% (721)

28.4% (585)

33.7% (277)

34.3% (250)

38.9% (661)

Sulfonylurea

83.7% (2156)

82.6% (1702)

84.6% (695)

87.5% (637)

83.7% (1422)

Thiazolidinedione

4.5% (115)

4.4% (91)

4.9% (40)

4.5% (33)

7.5% (127)

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

17.4% (447)

16.5% (339)

20.0% (164)

22.8% (166)

25.8% (438)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists

0.3% (7)

0.3% (6)

0.2% (2)

0.4% (3)

1.5% (26)

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

6.2% (159)

6.3% (130)

9.0% (74)

8.1% (59)

6.9% (117)

Meglitinide

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

Antihypertensive drugs

 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin receptor blockers

71.8% (1849)

71.5% (1474)

82.2% (676)

77.9% (567)

71.2% (1210)

 Beta blocker

44.4% (1142)

44.7% (922)

62.3% (512)

55.0% (400)

47.1% (800)

 Calcium channel blockers

64.0% (1649)

63.9% (1316)

74.7% (614)

65.3% (475)

55.6% (945)

 Diuretics

29.8% (767)

28.7% (592)

46.5% (382)

36.4% (265)

27.3% (464)

 Others

18.0% (464)

18.3% (378)

27.5% (226)

20.1% (146)

12.6% (214)

Lipid-lowering agents

68.9% (1774)

72.3% (1490)

75.9% (624)

69.2% (504)

73.9% (1257)

Antiplatelet / anticoagulants

25.1% (647)

31.1% (640)

50.1% (412)

40.9% (298)

37.4% (635)

Testosterone (for male only)

0.3% (5)

0.5% (6)

0.0% (0)

0.5% (2)

0.6% (8)

Hormone therapy (for female only)

8.2% (83)

9.1% (65)

5.8% (21)

8.6% (26)

16.8% (57)

Type of SGLT2i used

Canagliflozin

0.1% (2)

0.1% (2)

0.0% (0)

0.1% (1)

0.4% (6)

Dapagliflozin

28.7% (738)

26.7% (551)

28.1% (231)

34.3% (250)

37.6% (639)

Empagliflozin

71.3% (1836)

73.3% (1510)

72.0% (592)

65.5% (477)

62.0% (1054)

Ertugliflozin

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

0.0% (0)

0.1% (1)