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Table 3 Sex differences in CAD or CVD risk according to the presence or absence of MAFLD or MetS

From: Impact of metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease on cardiovascular risk by the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and according to sex

Group

Events

Rate*

HR (95% confidence interval)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

 

P-value

 

P-value

 

P-value

CAD  Men

Total

2108

1.14

      
 

Neither MAFLD nor MetS

929

0.78

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 
 

MAFLD only

576

1.40

1.74 (1.57–1.93)

< 0.001

1.45 (1.31–1.61)

< 0.001

1.35 (1.21–1.50)

< 0.001

 

MetS only

23

2.07

1.61 (1.06–2.44)

0.024

1.61 (1.06–2.43)

0.025

1.34 (0.88–2.03)

0.170

 

Both MAFLD and MetS

580

2.55

2.84 (2.56–3.15)

< 0.001

2.24 (2.02–2.49)

< 0.001

1.72 (1.54–1.93)

< 0.001

         Women

Total

144

0.12

      
 

Neither MAFLD nor MetS

68

0.06

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 
 

MAFLD only

7

0.15

2.03 (0.93–4.42)

0.075

1.63 (0.75–3.57)

0.220

1.48 (0.68–3.24)

0.322

 

MetS only

28

0.49

3.56 (2.25–5.64)

< 0.001

3.15 (1.98–4.99)

< 0.001

2.64 (1.65–4.23)

< 0.001

 

Both MAFLD and MetS

41

0.60

5.63 (3.78–8.39)

< 0.001

4.39 (2.91–6.61)

< 0.001

3.08 (1.97–4.82)

< 0.001

CVD  Men

Total

2277

1.23

      
 

Neither MAFLD nor MetS

1170

0.97

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 
 

MAFLD only

590

1.45

1.43 (1.30–1.58)

< 0.001

1.40 (1.26–1.54)

< 0.001

1.36 (1.23–1.50)

< 0.001

 

MetS only

31

2.79

1.80 (1.26–2.58)

0.001

1.81 (1.27–2.59)

0.001

1.68 (1.18–2.41)

0.004

 

Both MAFLD and MetS

486

2.13

1.91 (1.72–2.12)

< 0.001

1.83 (1.64–2.04)

< 0.001

1.65 (1.48–1.85)

< 0.001

         Women

Total

851

0.64

      
 

Neither MAFLD nor MetS

600

0.52

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 

1.00 (reference)

 
 

MAFLD only

43

0.92

1.53 (1.12–2.08)

0.008

1.43 (1.05–1.95)

0.025

1.40 (1.03–1.92)

0.033

 

MetS only

90

1.59

1.78 (1.41–2.23)

< 0.001

1.72 (1.37–2.17)

< 0.001

1.66 (1.31–2.10)

< 0.001

 

Both MAFLD and MetS

118

1.74

2.30 (1.88–2.82)

< 0.001

2.12 (1.72–2.61)

< 0.001

1.96 (1.57–2.45)

< 0.001

  1. Analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazard model. Model 1: Adjusted for age. Model 2: Adjusted for Model 1 plus current smoking, LDL-C and use of statin. Model 3: Adjusted for Model 2 plus presence of type 2 diabetes. Values in bold are statistically significant (p<0.05). CAD: coronary artery disease; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; MetS: metabolic syndrome; HR: hazard ratio; MAFLD only: MAFLD without MetS; MetS only: MetS without MAFLD. Rate* per 1000 person-years