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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants according to the presence or absence of MAFLD or MetS

From: Impact of metabolic syndrome and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease on cardiovascular risk by the presence or absence of type 2 diabetes and according to sex

Characteristics

MAFLD (−), MetS (−)

n = 421,922

MAFLD (+), MetS (−)

n = 82,033

MAFLD (−), MetS (+)

n = 12,457

MAFLD (+), MetS (+)

n = 54,014

P value

Sex (men)

217,312 (51.5)

73,484 (89.6)

2103 (16.9)

41,502 (76.8)

< 0.001

Age (years)

44 (40–51)

46 (41–52)

52 (46–59)

48 (42–55)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

21.3 (19.6–23.0)

25.5 (24.1–27.3)

24.2 (22.7–25.7)

28.2 (26.4–30.5)

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

77.2 (72.0–82.0)

88.0 (85.0–93.0)

85.8 (82.5–90.0)

95.5 (92.0–100.6)

< 0.001

Current smoking

95,821 (22.7)

30,973 (37.8)

1467 (11.8)

18,514 (34.3)

< 0.001

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

35 (33–37)

36 (33–38)

39 (37–42)

39 (36–45)

< 0.001

Type 2 diabetes

12,031 (2.9)

7686 (9.4)

1825 (14.7)

15,255 (28.2)

< 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

114 (105–124)

124 (116–132)

132 (122–140)

132 (123–141)

  0.001

DBP (mmHg)

70 (64–78)

79 (72–85)

81 (73–88)

84 (77–90)

< 0.001

Pulse pressure (mmHg)

43 (38–50)

45 (40–51)

51 (43–59)

48 (41–56)

< 0.001

Hypertension

43,123 (10.2)

20,429 (24.9)

6039 (48.5)

29,051 (53.8)

< 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

0.8 (0.6–1.1)

1.6 (1.2–2.3)

1.0 (0.8–1.5)

1.9 (1.4–2.6)

< 0.001

HDL-C (mmo/l)

1.7 (1.4–2.0)

1.3 (1.2–1.6)

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

1.2 (1.1–1.5)

< 0.001

LDL-C (mmol/l)

3.0 (2.5–3.5)

3.4 (2.9–4.0)

3.3 (2.8–3.9)

3.4 (2.9–4.0)

< 0.001

Use of statins

11,068 (2.6)

5008 (6.1)

1623 (13.0)

7003 (13.0)

< 0.001

AST (IU/l)

19 (16–22)

24 (20–29)

19 (16–22)

25 (20–33)

< 0.001

ALT (IU/l)

16 (12–21)

29 (21–42)

17 (13–22)

33 (23–50)

< 0.001

γ-GPT (IU/)

20 (14–30)

53 (35–86)

19 (15–26)

48 (32–77)

< 0.001

Fatty liver index*

8.42 (3.83–17.86)

52.84 (43.95–65.04)

23.82 (15.87–30.69)

72.65 (58.05–85.29)

< 0.001

Visceral adiposity index**

0.72 (0.50–1.06)

1.61 (1.13–2.37)

1.28 (0.83–2.04)

2.22 (1.50–3.25)

< 0.001

  1. Data are presented as median (interquartile range), n (%). Analyses were performed by the Kruskal–Wallis test or Pearson’s chi-square test across groups
  2. MAFLD: metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; MetS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; gamma-glutamyl transferase: γ-GTP; WC: waist circumference
  3. *Fatty liver index: (e 0.953*loge (TG) + 0.139*BMI + 0.718*loge (γ−GTP) + 0.053*WC − 15.745)/(1 + e 0.953*loge(TG) + 0.139*BMI + 0.718*loge (γ−GTP) + 0.053*WC − 15.745) * 100
  4. **Visceral adiposity index: Women; [WC/(36.58 + (1.89 × BMI))] × [TG/0.81] × [1.52/HDL-C], Men; [WC/(39.68 + (1.88 × BMI))] × [TG/1.03] × [1.31/HDL-C] WC: waist circumference. TG: triglycerides