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Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

From: Prediabetes and insulin resistance in a population of patients with heart failure and reduced or preserved ejection fraction but without diabetes, overweight or hypertension

 

HF patients

   

Total HF

HFrEF

HFpEF

p*

Controls

p**

(n = 190)

(n = 114)

(n = 76)

(n = 95)

Gender (%)

 Male

95 (50)

55 (48.2)

40 (52.6)

0.813

46 (48.4)

0.802

 Female

95 (50)

59 (51.8)

36 (47.4)

49 (51.6)

Age (years)

70.1 ± 14.5

70.5 ± 14.0

69.5 ± 15.4

0.162

66.7 ± 14.7

0.064

BMI (kg/m2)

19.7 ± 1.5

19.8 ± 1.4

19.5 ± 1.6

0.202

19.9 ± 2.0

0.091

Waist circumference (cm)

74.4 ± 4.3

74.2 ± 4.2

74.6 ± 4.6

0.411

74.6 ± 4.3

0.743

Systolic BP (mmHg)

116.5 ± 15.4

117.5 ± 15.8

115.0 ± 14.7

0.233

114.3 ± 12.0

0.223

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

71.1 ± 10.4

71.3 ± 10.3

70.9 ± 10.7

0.646

71.7 ± 9.4

0.646

LVEF (%)

42.9 ± 14.4

32.2 ± 5.8

58.9 ± 6.3

< 0.001

  

HF ischemic etiology (%)

176 (92.6)

110 (96.5%)

66 (86.8%)

0.013

  

NYHA class

 II

32 (16.8)

9 (7.9)

23 (30.3)

< 0.0001

  

 III

150 (78.9)

97 (85.1)

53 (69.7)

  

 IV

8 (4.2)

8 (7.0)

0 (0)

  

NT-pro-BNP (pg/ml)

9931 ± 7747

11,550 ± 8702

7504 ± 5215

< 0.0001

  

HbA1c (%)

5.70 ± 0.50

5.71 ± 0.50

5.70 ± 0.51

0.81

  

HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (%)

0

0

0

   

G0 (mmol/l)

5.28 ± 0.79

5.37 ± 0.76

5.13 ± 0.82

< 0.0001

4.81 ± 0.81

< 0.0001

G2 (mmol/l)

8.07 ± 1.18

7.83 ± 1.14

6.93 ± 0.93

< 0.0001

7.13 ± 1.73

< 0.0001

I0 (µU/ml)

12.1 [5.3–23.7]

12.6 [5.5–26.4]

11.1 [4.5–21.7]

0.675

8.2 [5.1–13.0]

0.003

I2 (µU/ml)

90.3 [47.6–136.6]

95.0 [45.3–141.2]

73.6 [48.0–127.0]

0.054

50.0 [24.0–96.0]

< 0.0001

Total cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.17 ± 1.50

4.44 ± 1.66

3.77 ± 1.13

0.03

  

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.57 ± 1.13

1.74 ± 1.33

1.32 ± 0.64

0.13

  

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

2.62 ± 0.98

2.78 ± 1.04

2.38 ± 0.82

0.05

  

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l)

1.01 ± 0.30

1.04 ± 0.31

0.97 ± 0.28

0.113

  

Glycemic status (%)

      

IFG alone

4 (2.1)

4 (2.1)

0

0.032

6 (6.3)

< 0.0001

IGT alone

94 (49.5)

64 (56.1)

30 (39.5)

 

15 (15.8)

 

IGT + IFG

22 (11.6)

11 (9.6)

11 (14.5)

 

2 (2.1)

 

NGT

70 (36.8)

35 (30.7)

35 (46.1)

 

72 (75.8)

 

Medications (%)

 ACEIs/ARBs

88 (46.3)

70 (61.4)

18 (23.7)

< 0.0001

  

 Aldosterone antagonists

61 (32.1)

61 (53.5)

0 (0)

< 0.0001

  

 Beta-blockers

120 (63.2)

91 (79.8)

29 (38.2)

< 0.0001

  

 Diuretics

52 (27.4)

46 (40.4)

6 (7.9)

< 0.0001

  

 Ivabradine

40 (21.1)

36 (31.6)

4 (5.3)

< 0.0001

  

 Digoxin

13 (6.8)

13 (11.4)

0 (0)

0.002

  

 Antiplatelets

176 (92.6)

110 (96.5)

66 (86.8)

0.014

  

 Statin

159 (83.7)

98 (86.0)

61 (80.3)

0.310

  

 Nitrate

31 (16.3)

19 (16.7)

12 (15.8)

0.950

  
  1. ACEIs/ARBs angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers; BP blood pressure; HF heart failure; HFrEF and HFpEF HF with reduced and preserved ejection fraction; BMI body mass index; G0 and I0 plasma glucose and insulin levels measured fasting; G2 and I2 plasma glucose and insulin levels measured 2 h after glucose intake; IFG impaired fasting glucose; IGT impaired glucose tolerance; NGT normal glucose tolerance; NT-pro-BNP N-terminal pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide; NYHA New-York Heart Association
  2. *p values for comparisons between HFrEF and HFpEF patients
  3. **p for comparisons between the total HF group and the control group