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Table 1 Comparisons of baseline sociodemographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, diabetes-related variables, and complications according to sleep duration in patients with type 2 diabetes (n = 12,526)

From: Sleep duration predicts subsequent long-term mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a large single-center cohort study

Variables

Sleep duration (h/day)

 

 ≤ 4 (n = 205)

5–6 (n = 2,009)

7 (n = 3,276)

8 (n = 3,673)

9–10 (n = 2,910)

 > 10 (n = 453)

p value

Sociodemographic factors

       

Sex

      

 < 0.001

Men

105 (51.22)

1025 (51.02)

1775 (54.18)

2028 (55.21)

1448 (49.76)

220 (48.57)

 

Women

100 (48.78)

984 (48.98)

1501 (45.82)

1645 (44.79)

1462 (50.24)

233 (51.43)

 

Age (years)†

58.97 ± 11.36

58.19 ± 11.13

57.79 ± 11.37

57.74 ± 11.64

60.80 ± 12.51

63.80 ± 13.51

 < 0.001

Lifestyle behaviors

       

Smoking

48 (23.41)

347 (17.27)

581 (17.74)

686 (18.68)

478 (16.43)

81 (17.88)

0.06

Alcohol drinking

23 (11.22)

172 (8.56)

294 (8.97)

319 (8.68)

197 (6.77)

29 (6.40)

0.006

Exercising

82 (40.00)

1073 (53.41)

1797 (54.85)

1922 (52.33)

1297 (44.57)

153 (33.77)

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)†

26.31 ± 4.32

26.28 ± 4.05

25.99 ± 4.15

25.88 ± 4.10

25.68 ± 4.16

25.38 ± 3.91

 < 0.001

Diabetes-related variables

       

Duration of diabetes (years)†

5.31 ± 6.25

5.53 ± 6.62

5.46 ± 6.49

5.42 ± 6.51

6.50 ± 7.28

7.89 ± 8.45

 < 0.001

Age at diabetes diagnosis > 45 years

150 (73.17)

1463 (72.82)

2351 (71.76)

2606 (70.95)

2177 (74.81)

356 (78.59)

 < 0.001

Types of diabetes treatment

      

 < 0.001

Diet or exercise

14 (6.83)

138 (6.87)

241 (7.36)

248 (6.75)

158 (5.43)

17 (3.75)

 

Oral hypoglycemic drug

163 (79.51)

1658 (82.53)

2695 (82.26)

3061 (83.34)

2377 (81.68)

373 (82.34)

 

Insulin injection

3 (1.46)

28 (1.39)

40 (1.22)

51 (1.39)

50 (1.72)

5 (1.10)

 

Both

25 (12.2)

185 (9.21)

300 (9.16)

313 (8.52)

325 (11.17)

58 (12.8)

 

Complications

       

Hypertension

101 (49.27)

947 (47.14)

1430 (43.65)

1633 (44.46)

1388 (47.70)

235 (51.88)

 < 0.001

Hyperlipidemia

58 (28.29)

494 (24.59)

797 (24.33)

873 (23.77)

684 (23.51)

93 (20.53)

0.29

Stroke

16 (7.8)

69 (3.43)

94 (2.87)

122 (3.32)

188 (6.46)

49 (10.82)

 < 0.001

Coronary artery disease

49 (23.9)

351 (17.47)

566 (17.28)

645 (17.56)

646 (22.20)

119 (26.27)

 < 0.001

Severe hypoglycemia

2 (0.98)

11 (0.55)

22 (0.67)

31 (0.84)

26 (0.89)

6 (1.32)

0.49

Peripheral neuropathy

25 (12.2)

195 (9.71)

263 (8.03)

319 (8.68)

333 (11.44)

55 (12.14)

 < 0.001

DKA

0 (0.00)

12 (0.60)

13 (0.40)

14 (0.38)

11 (0.38)

1 (0.22)

0.68

HHNK

4 (1.95)

15 (0.75)

30 (0.92)

30 (0.82)

40 (1.37)

6 (1.32)

0.10

Sleep disorders

47 (22.93)

387 (19.26)

530 (16.18)

590 (16.06)

575 (19.76)

79 (17.44)

 < 0.001

OSA

3 (1.46)

25 (1.24)

41 (1.25)

35 (0.95)

33 (1.13)

8 (1.77)

0.64

Medication use

       

Hypertension medications

87 (42.44)

840 (41.81)

1253 (38.25)

1447 (39.40)

1231 (42.30)

216 (47.68)

 < 0.001

Hyperlipidemia medications

30 (14.63)

249 (12.39)

427 (13.03)

467 (12.71)

372 (12.78)

56 (12.36)

0.95

Cardiovascular medications

41 (20.00)

325 (16.18)

524 (16)

599 (16.31)

591 (20.31)

102 (22.52)

 < 0.001

Hypnotic-sedative medications

71 (34.63)

510 (25.39)

739 (22.56)

883 (24.04)

831 (28.56)

154 (34.00)

 < 0.001

Biomarkers†

       

HbA1c (%)

8.23 ± 1.99

7.99 ± 1.76

7.89 ± 1.76

7.88 ± 1.78

7.94 ± 1.86

8.03 ± 1.94

0.02

FPG (mg/dL)

159.76 ± 69.04

154.16 ± 56.35

152.25 ± 52.85

151.60 ± 51.09

155.45 ± 60.98

160.75 ± 69.63

0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

116.13 ± 39.97

112.57 ± 35.39

112.17 ± 33.49

111.54 ± 34.58

112.53 ± 36.37

114.81 ± 35.72

0.23

HDL-C (mg/dL)

43.23 ± 10.32

43.08 ± 11.51

43.26 ± 11.38

43.10 ± 11.42

43.12 ± 12.22

42.33 ± 12.04

0.75

TC (mg/dL)

192.87 ± 48.75

187.59 ± 40.93

187.53 ± 40.81

186.60 ± 41.13

189.97 ± 45.49

193.24 ± 42

0.001

TG (mg/dL)

169.49 ± 158.61

159.3 ± 132.7

156.36 ± 145.27

156.62 ± 136.58

171.45 ± 169.22

183.34 ± 169.8

 < 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)

85.30 ± 23.40

86.80 ± 22.52

87.28 ± 22.56

86.54 ± 23.15

79.72 ± 26.58

75.44 ± 26.94

 < 0.001

  1. ANOVA was used for continuous variables to calculate p-values
  2. Chi-square test was used for categorical variables to calculate p-values
  3. †Mean ± SD; CKD: chronic kidney disease; BMI: body mass index: DKA: diabetic ketoacidosis; HHNK: hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma; OSA: obstructive sleep apnea; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840