| |
Dapagliflozin
|
Exenatide
|
Dapagliflozin + Exenatide
|
|---|
|
1.5 weeks
|
16 weeks
|
1.5 weeks
|
16 weeks
|
1.5 weeks
|
16 weeks
|
|---|
|
Hemodynamics
|
|
Stroke volume (ml)
|
− 3.6 ± 4.2
|
− 3.0 ± 4.5
|
− 5.6 ± 4.0
|
− 10.4 ± 4.2*
|
− 6.0 ± 4.4
|
− 7.2 ± 4.4
|
|
Cardiac output (l/min)
|
− 0.1 ± 0.3
|
− 0.02 ± 0.3
|
− 0.04 ± 0.3
|
− 0.1 ± 0.3
|
− 0.2 ± 0.3
|
− 0.2 ± 0.3
|
|
Systemic vascular resistance (dyn/s/cm)
|
− 8.2 ± 83.1
|
− 86.4 ± 88.7
|
30.2 ± 79.2
|
− 25.4 ± 82.0
|
5.3 ± 86.1
|
− 44.0 ± 89.0
|
|
Arterial stiffness
|
|
AIX@HR75
|
− 2.6 ± 2.7
|
2.3 ± 2.7
|
2.2 ± 2.6
|
2.3 ± 2.6
|
0.2 ± 2.8
|
3.9 ± 2.9
|
|
Pulse pressure (mmHg)
|
− 3.4 ± 2.1
|
0.3 ± 2.1
|
− 0.07 ± 2.0
|
− 1.0 ± 2.0
|
− 3.9 ± 2.2
|
0.5 ± 2.2
|
|
Autonomic function
|
|
LF/HF ratio
|
− 0.09 ± 0.6
|
− 1.1 ± 0.6
|
0.1 ± 0.5
|
− 0.3 ± 0.5
|
0.7 ± 0.6
|
− 0.4 ± 0.6
|
|
SDNN (ms)
|
− 2.3 ± 4.0
|
− 3.8 ± 3.9
|
− 2.5 ± 3.5
|
− 8.1 ± 3.6*
|
− 9.6 ± 3.7*
|
− 8.7 ± 4.0*
|
|
RMSSD (ms)
|
− 0.9 ± 4.5
|
− 0.9 ± 4.7
|
− 5.1 ± 4.2
|
− 8.4 ± 4.4
|
− 11.4 ± 4.6*
|
− 10.7 ± 4.8*
|
|
Hematocrit, body water, urinary volume, glucose and sodium excretion
|
|
Change in ePV (%)
|
− 3.5 ± 1.5**
|
− 1.3 ± 2.0
|
1.0 ± 1.5
|
2.5 ± 2.0
|
− 4.2 ± 1.7*
|
− 3.9 ± 2.1*
|
|
Hematocrit (%)
|
1.2 ± 0.8
|
− 0.01 ± 0.9
|
− 0.8 ± 0.8
|
− 2.4 ± 0.9**
|
2.0 ± 0.9*
|
1.3 ± 0.9
|
|
Extracellular fluid (L)
|
− 1.1 ± 0.4**
|
− 0.6 ± 0.4
|
− 0.1 ± 0.4
|
− 0.3 ± 0.4
|
− 0.7 ± 0.4
|
− 0.4 ± 0.4
|
|
Intracellular fluid (L)
|
− 0.4 ± 0.5
|
− 0.7 ± 0.6
|
0.2 ± 0.5
|
− 0.4 ± 0.5
|
− 0.3 ± 0.6
|
− 0.2 ± 0.6
|
|
Urine volume (l/24 h)
|
419.4 ± 220.6
|
244.1 ± 224.1
|
− 27.0 ± 216.3
|
− 429.6 ± 222.4
|
391.9 ± 231.5
|
− 61.8 ± 239.3
|
|
Glucose excretion (mmol/24 h)
|
500.7 ± 4.7***
|
455.7 ± 74.7***
|
− 7.0 ± 70.7
|
− 47.4 ± 71.9
|
313.0 ± 79.8***
|
263.3 ± 82.5**
|
|
Sodium excretion (mmol/24 h)
|
16.4 ± 24.9
|
20.4 ± 25.3
|
− 3.7 ± 23.7
|
− 27.7 ± 24.7
|
31.7 ± 26.0
|
− 12.7 ± 26.9
|
- Linear mixed models were used to compare baseline corrected treatment effects with placebo (mean ± SE)
- *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 for differences in change during treatments compared with placebo
- ePV, estimated plasma volume was calculated with the Strauss formula
