Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population by TyG index

Participants

Number (%)

155,167

26,410 (17.0)

49,933 (32.2)

47,578 (30.7)

22,676 (14.6)

6781 (4.4)

1789 (1.2)

Age, years

Mean ± SD

59.9 ± 12.9

56.1 ± 12.9

59.6 ± 12.1

61.3 ± 11.5

61.6 ± 11.2

61.2 ± 11.1

60.2 ± 11.1

Sex

Men

63,406 (40.9)

9368 (35.5)

19,652 (39.4)

19,690 (41.4)

10,194 (45.0)

3455 (51.0)

1047 (58.5)

Women

91,761 (59.1)

17,042 (64.5)

30,281 (60.6)

27,888 (58.6)

12,482 (55.0)

3326 (49.0)

742 (41.5)

Systolic BP, mmHg

Mean ± SD

123.6 ± 15.8

118.1 ± 14.9

121.9 ± 15.5

125.2 ± 15.6

127.7 ± 15.6

129.5 ± 15.7

131.4 ± 16.1

Body mass index, kg/m²

Mean ± SD

23.3 ± 3.1

22.0 ± 2.8

22.8 ± 3.0

23.7 ± 3.1

24.6 ± 3.0

25.0 ± 3.0

25.1 ± 3.0

Fasting glucose, mg/dL

Mean ± SD

96.8 ± 18.7

88.0 ± 10.3

93.0 ± 11.7

97.8 ± 14.6

104.4 ± 21.3

115.0 ± 32.3

142.8 ± 63.6

TC, mg/dL

Mean ± SD

195.2 ± 37.3

178.7 ± 32.9

190.1 ± 34.2

200.4 ± 36.6

207.5 ± 38.6

211.5 ± 40.1

225.4 ± 47.2

TG, mg/dL

Mean ± SD

124.0 ± 77.0

53.7 ± 11.3

85.4 ± 15.0

130.2 ± 24.1

198.3 ± 40.6

299.1 ± 71.0

471.5 ± 167.6

HDL-C, mg/dL

Mean ± SD

55.4 ± 14.1

61.6 ± 14.7

57.9 ± 13.8

53.7 ± 12.9

49.4 ± 12.2

46.6 ± 11.9

45.6 ± 12.4

LDL-C, mg/dL

Mean ± SD

114.8 ± 34.0

106.0 ± 29.7

114.7 ± 31.6

120.4 ± 34.4

118.4 ± 36.5

105.4 ± 38.8

87.8 ± 45.3

TyG index

Mean ± SD

8.5 ± 0.6

7.7 ± 0.2

8.3 ± 0.1

8.7 ± 0.1

9.2 ± 0.1

9.7 ± 0.1

10.3 ± 0.3

Body mass index, kg/m²

< 18.5

7746 (5.0)

2466 (9.3)

3217 (6.4)

1595 (3.4)

369 (1.6)

81 (1.2)

18 (1.0)

18.5–24.9

104,698 (67.5)

20,444 (77.4)

36,171 (72.4)

30,912 (65.0)

12,880 (56.8)

3419 (50.4)

872 (48.7)

25-29.9

38,846 (25.0)

3305 (12.5)

9730 (19.5)

13,690 (28.8)

8420 (37.1)

2895 (42.7)

806 (45.1)

≥ 30

3,877 (2.5)

195 (0.7)

815 (1.6)

1,381 (2.9)

1,007 (4.4)

386 (5.7)

93 (5.2)

Smoking status

Missing

767 (0.5)

140 (0.5)

222 (0.4)

244 (0.5)

114 (0.5)

34 (0.5)

13 (0.7)

Never smoker

113,557 (73.2)

20,650 (78.2)

37,352 (74.8)

34,510 (72.5)

15,679 (69.1)

4337 (64.0)

1,029 (57.5)

Past smoker

25,637 (16.5)

3816 (14.4)

8058 (16.1)

8007 (16.8)

4074 (18.0)

1292 (19.1)

390 (21.8)

Current smoker

15,206 (9.8)

1804 (6.8)

4301 (8.6)

4817 (10.1)

2809 (12.4)

1118 (16.5)

357 (20.0)

Alcohol consumption frequency, times/week

Missing

1,628 (1.0)

329 (1.2)

527 (1.1)

488 (1.0)

220 (1.0)

50 (0.7)

14 (0.8)

< 1

112,803 (72.7)

19,437 (73.6)

37,115 (74.3)

34,971 (73.5)

15,918 (70.2)

4380 (64.6)

982 (54.9)

1–2

26,995 (17.4)

4844 (18.3)

8483 (17.0)

7937 (16.7)

4024 (17.7)

1302 (19.2)

405 (22.6)

3–4

7897 (5.1)

1057 (4.0)

2211 (4.4)

2384 (5.0)

1429 (6.3)

607 (9.0)

209 (11.7)

≥ 5

5844 (3.8)

743 (2.8)

1597 (3.2)

1798 (3.8)

1085 (4.8)

442 (6.5)

179 (10.0)

Moderate to vigorous physical activity, times/week

None

79,816 (51.4)

12,757 (48.3)

25,292 (50.7)

24,994 (52.5)

12,109 (53.4)

3668 (54.1)

996 (55.7)

1–2

22,827 (14.7)

4049 (15.3)

7357 (14.7)

6895 (14.5)

3269 (14.4)

1005 (14.8)

252 (14.1)

≥ 3

52,524 (33.8)

9604 (36.4)

17,284 (34.6)

15,689 (33.0)

7298 (32.2)

2108 (31.1)

541 (30.2)

Income status^*, quartile

1st quartile (low)

29,404 (18.9)

5142 (19.5)

9506 (19.0)

8916 (18.7)

4187 (18.5)

1291 (19.0)

362 (20.2)

2nd quartile

24,742 (15.9)

4366 (16.5)

7951 (15.9)

7325 (15.4)

3622 (16.0)

1122 (16.5)

356 (19.9)

3rd quartile

36,814 (23.7)

6176 (23.4)

11,620 (23.3)

11,487 (24.1)

5480 (24.2)

1613 (23.8)

438 (24.5)

4th quartile (high)

64,207 (41.4)

10,726 (40.6)

20,856 (41.8)

19,850 (41.7)

9387 (41.4)

2755 (40.6)

633 (35.4)

Use of lipid lowering medication

No

143,222 (92.3)

25,363 (96.0)

46,627 (93.4)

43,341 (91.1)

20,260 (89.3)

6026 (88.9)

1605 (89.7)

Yes

11,945 (7.7)

1047 (4.0)

3306 (6.6)

4237 (8.9)

2416 (10.7)

755 (11.1)

184 (10.3)