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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population according to FLI score (n = 139,633)

From: The associations of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis using fatty liver index and BARD score with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with new-onset type 2 diabetes: a nationwide cohort study

 

FLI < 30 (n = 43,079)

30 ≤ FLI < 60 (n = 49,408)

FLI ≥ 60 (n = 47,146)

p-value

Age (years)

57.7 ± 11.5

57.0 ± 10.7

52.8 ± 11.0

 < 0.001

Men

16,881 (39.2)

25,982 (52.6)

31,982 (67.8)

 < 0.001

Income level, lowest 20%

7743 (18.0)

8300 (16.8)

7777 (16.5)

 < 0.001

Smoking

 < 0.001

 Never

30,502 (70.8)

29,937 (60.6)

22,349 (47.4)

 

 Former

5218 (12.1)

8496 (17.2)

9629 (20.4)

 

 Current

7359 (17.1)

10,975 (22.2)

15,168 (32.2)

 

Mild drinker

12,485 (29.0)

18,716 (37.9)

24,271 (51.5)

 < 0.001

Regular exercise

7969 (18.5)

8675 (17.6)

7118 (15.1)

 < 0.001

Insulin user

3487 (8.09)

2647 (5.36)

2392 (5.07)

 < 0.001

Oral hypoglycemic agent

 < 0.001

 None

2140 (5.0)

1318 (2.7)

1062 (2.3)

 

 Single

28,684 (66.6)

33,250 (67.3)

30,917 (65.6)

 

 Dual combination

11,515 (26.7)

14,103 (28.5)

14,403 (30.6)

 

 Triple combination

740 (1.7)

737 (1.5)

764 (1.6)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

22.8 ± 2.3

25.3 ± 2.3

28.1 ± 3.4

 < 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

 In men

79.8 ± 5.8

86.0 ± 5.2

92.6 ± 8.2

 < 0.001

 In women

77.3 ± 6.1

84.8 ± 5.8

92.8 ± 9.7

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

126.2 ± 16.3

129.7 ± 16.1

132.4 ± 16.2

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

77.6 ± 10.1

80.1 ± 10.2

82.7 ± 10.7

 < 0.001

Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dl)

161.7 ± 66.1

165.2 ± 61.5

169.0 ± 59.6

 < 0.001

AST (IU/L)

21.7 (21.6–21.8)

25.7 (25.6–25.8)

33.6 (33.4–33.7)

 < 0.001

ALT (IU/L)

20.5 (20.5–20.6)

28.5 (28.4–28.6)

41.6 (41.4–41.9)

 < 0.001

GGT (IU/L)

23.7 (23.6–23.8)

39.34 (39.2–39.6)

71.7 (71.2–72.1)

 < 0.001

Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

207.5 ± 43.1

216.8 ± 44.8

225.0 ± 52.4

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mg/dl)

106.0 (105.6–106.5)

162.4 (161.7–163.0)

241.4 (240.2–242.5)

 < 0.001

HDL-C (mg/dl)

55.7 ± 24.0

51.8 ± 23.5

50.0 ± 54.3

 < 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dl)

129.5 ± 56.4

131.0 ± 53.2

124.1 ± 92.1

 < 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)

89.0 ± 36.8

87.0 ± 32.1

87.8 ± 39.5

 < 0.001

Hypertension

18,227 (42.3)

25,616 (51.9)

27,578 (58.5)

 < 0.001

Dyslipidemia

16,664 (38.7)

23,864 (48.3)

26,085 (55.3)

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range)
  2. Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages
  3. AST, alanine aminotransferase; ALT, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, fatty liver index; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure