Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
|  | Overall (n = 8948) | DN- (n = 8481) | DN + (n = 467) | P value | DR- (n = 8858) | DR + (n = 90) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 53.35 (14.66) | 52.42 (14.19) | 70.27 (12.70) |  < 0.001 | 53.33 (14.70) | 55.88 (10.25) | 0.101 |
Men, n (%) | 6154 (68.8) | 5825 (68.7) | 329 (70.4) | 0.453 | 6074 (68.6) | 80 (88.9) |  < 0.001 |
Education, n (%) | |||||||
 Primary school or below | 955 (10.7) | 900 (10.6) | 55 (11.8) | 0.320 | 939 (10.6) | 16 (17.8) | 0.003 |
 Middle school | 6054 (67.7) | 5731 (67.6) | 323 (69.2) |  | 5988 (67.6) | 66 (73.3) |  |
 High school or above | 1939 (21.7) | 1850 (21.8) | 89 (19.1) |  | 1931 (21.8) | 8 (8.9) |  |
Physical activity (n, %) | 3755 (42.0) | 3546 (41.8) | 209 (44.8) | 0.228 | 3721 (42.0) | 34 (37.8) | 0.483 |
Current smoking (n, %) | 2709 (30.3) | 2592 (30.6) | 117 (25.1) | 0.013 | 2668 (30.1) | 41 (45.6) | 0.002 |
Current drinking (n, %) | 5067 (56.6) | 4832 (57.0) | 235 (50.3) | 0.005 | 5013 (56.6) | 54 (60.0) | 0.588 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.48 (3.36) | 25.46 (3.37) | 25.86 (3.27) | 0.012 | 25.47 (3.37) | 26.23 (3.15) | 0.033 |
WC, cm | 87.32 (10.18) | 87.17 (10.18) | 90.02 (9.75) |  < 0.001 | 87.27 (10.18) | 91.70 (8.33) |  < 0.001 |
Hypertension (n, %) | 3607 (40.3) | 3262 (38.5) | 345 (73.9) |  < 0.001 | 3559 (40.2) | 48 (53.3) | 0.015 |
Dyslipidaemia (n, %) | 3328 (37.2) | 3138 (37.0) | 190 (40.7) | 0.120 | 3282 (37.1) | 46 (51.1) | 0.008 |
Antidiabetic (n, %) | 1198 (13.4) | 1075 (12.7) | 123 (26.3) |  < 0.001 | 1128 (12.7) | 70 (77.8) |  < 0.001 |
Antihypertensive (n, %) | 732 (8.2) | 659 (7.8) | 73 (15.6) |  < 0.001 | 728 (8.2) | 4 (4.4) | 0.268 |
Lipid lowering (n, %) | 492 (5.5) | 438 (5.2) | 54 (11.6) |  < 0.001 | 488 (5.5) | 4 (4.4) | 0.835 |
Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.31 [4.94,5.94] | 5.30 [4.93,5.93] | 5.50 [5.04,6.32] |  < 0.001 | 5.30 [4.93,5.91] | 8.32 [7.21,12.07] |  < 0.001 |
HbA1c, % | 5.57 [5.31,5.96] | 5.56 [5.30,5.94] | 5.80 [5.54,6.24] |  < 0.001 | 5.57 [5.31,5.95] | 7.53 [6.54,9.09] |  < 0.001 |
Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.27 [0.89,1.87] | 1.27 [0.89,1.88] | 1.21 [0.91,1.77] | 0.479 | 1.27 [0.89,1.87] | 1.38 [0.96,2.19] | 0.143 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.26 [1.06,1.53] | 1.26 [1.06,1.53] | 1.25 [1.05,1.56] | 0.945 | 1.26 [1.06,1.53] | 1.17 [0.97,1.34] |  < 0.001 |
VAI | 1.46 [0.90,2.37] | 1.45 [0.90,2.36] | 1.76 [1.03,2.80] | 0.043 | 1.46 [0.89,2.37] | 1.45 [0.95,2.32] | 0.984 |
CVAI | 112.60 [77.19,143.17] | 111.07 [75.68,141.98] | 136.62 [107.49,160.81] |  < 0.001 | 112.44 [76.88,143.07] | 125.61 [104.48,154.95] |  < 0.001 |