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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: The effect of empagliflozin on growth differentiation factor 15 in patients with heart failure: a randomized controlled trial (Empire HF Biomarker)

 

Empagliflozin, 10 mg/day

Placebo

 

(n = 94)

(n = 93)

Age (years)

65 (10)

63 (12)

Sex (male)

78 (83%)

81 (87%)

Caucasian (%)

91 (97%)

92 (99%)

Body mass index (kg/m2)

29 (26–32)

28 (26–33)

Smoking

22 (23%)

18 (19%)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

119 (19)

121 (16)

Heart rate (beats/min)

69 (11)

72 (13)

Heart failure characteristics

  

 Duration of heart failure (months)

37 (12–69)

27 (13–62)

 Heart failure cause

  

Ischemic heart failure

48 (51%)

49 (53%)

Non-ischemic heart failure

46 (49%)

44 (47%)

Latest recorded ejection fraction (%)

29 (8)

30 (7)

NYHA class

  

 I

5 (5%)

7 (8%)

 II

71 (76%)

77 (83%)

 III

18 (19%)

9 (10%)

KCCQ Overall Summary Score

79 (65–90)

78 (65–90)

KCCQ Clinical Summary Score

82 (68–95)

81 (68–92)

Comorbidities

  

 Type 2 diabetes

11 (12%)

12 (13%)

 Hypertension

35 (37%)

40 (43%)

 Atrial fibrillation

33 (35%)

32 (34%)

 Ischemic heart disease

50 (53%)

53 (57%)

 Chronic kidney diseasea

13 (14)

12 (13)

Laboratory variables

  

 GDF-15 (pg/mL)

1189 (918–1720)

1299 (952–1823)

In ischemic heart failure

1110 (742–1820)

1397 (1020–2090)

In non-ischemic heart failure

1230 (977–1607)

1205 (851–1650)

NT-proBNP (ng/L)

565 (303–1020)

605 (334–1060)

In sinus rhythm

408 (276–655)

493 (244–793)

In atrial fibrillation

1050 (596–1820)

960 (566–1470)

Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2)

73 (57–89)

74 (60–90)

Haemoglobin A1c (mmol/mol)

40 (36–43)

39 (36–42)

Haematocrit (%)

41 (38–44)

41 (39–45)

Heart failure medication

  

 ACE inhibitors/ARBs

58 (62%)

63 (68%)

 Sacubitril–valsartan

30 (32%)

27 (29%)

 β blockers

89 (95%)

87 (94%)

 Mineralocorticoid-receptor antagonist

61 (65%)

61 (66%)

 Diureticsb

62 (66%)

60 (65%)

Device type

  

 Cardiac resynchronization therapy without ICD

7 (14%)

4 (8%)

 Cardiac resynchronization therapy with ICD

11 (22%)

12 (24%)

 ICD only

33 (65%)

31 (62%)

Patients with a history of type 2 diabetes

  

 Metformin

4 (36%)

4 (33%)

 Sulfonylurea

2 (18%)

0 (0%)

 DPP-4 inhibitor

0 (0%)

5 (42%)

 GLP-1 receptor agonist

0 (0%)

1 (8%)

 Insulin

5 (45%)

3 (25%)

  1. Values are presented as mean (SD), median interquartile range (IQR) or number (%). There were no significant differences between the groups
  2. NYHA New York Heart Association, KCCQ Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire, GDF15 Plasma growth differentiation factor 15, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ARB angiotensin-II-receptor blockers, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator
  3. aChronic kidney disease was defined with an addition to an estimated glomerular filtration rate under 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
  4. bDiuretics includes Loop diuretics or Thiazide
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840