Fig. 2

Effects of SA and EMPA on respiration-glycolysis switch plot. The graph shows OCR (y axis) and PPR_glyc (x axis) values of MAC pre-treated with EMPA 100 µM for 1 h followed by 3 h of 100 µM SA incubation. Yellow and red areas represent MAC at baseline and after complete ETC inhibition, respectively. All OCR and PPR_glyc data were normalized to 6 × 10⁴ cells and expressed as mean ± SEM from 6 independent experiments (*p < 0.05 vs Control).Ctrl = control culture condition; Empa = empagliflozin, SA = stearate