Table 1 Characteristics, biomedical parameters, risk factors, and treatment of all research participants

Characteristics and biomedical parameters of study subjects

 Gender (M/F)

4/16

6/14

12/8

15/5

 Age, years (SD)

45.6 (11.6)

58.7 (8.724)

60.6 (9.344)

59.3 (10.96)*

 Diabetes duration, years (SD)

N/A

18.17 (11.05)

19.75 (10.07)

14.94 (10.27)*

 BMI, Kg/m² (SD)

33.04 (9.526)

32.84 (6.664)

32.24 (10.13)

30.3 (5.875)

 Systolic BP, mmHg (SD)

121.5 (15.55)

129.5 (18.79)

132.5 (17.31)

127.6 (20.3)*

 Diastolic BP, mmHg (SD)

73.35 (9.167)

73.9 (9.008)

74 (9.674)

72.3 (9.652)

 HbA_1c, % (SD)

5.611 (0.4841)

8.4 (2.457)

7.98 (1.684)

8.57 (2.067)*

 Glucose, mmol/L (SD)

5.31 (0.9296)

10.21 (6.374)

10.93 (6.986)

11.43 (5.157)*

 Serum Creatinine, µmol ( SD)

63.55 (10.49)

68.65 (19.18)

93.06 (61.34)

76.78 (18.38)

 Total Cholesterol, mmol/L (SD)

5.278 (0.9808)

4.312 (0.9357)

4.087 (1.087)

4.166 (1.411)

 Triglycerides, mmol/L (SD)

1.372 (0.6748)

1.516 (0.5058)

2.356 (2.564)

1.714 (1.071)

 HDL-C, mmol/L (SD)

1.456 (0.4329)

1.184 (0.2444)

1.148 (0.2322)

1.084 (0.3862)

 LDL-C, mmol/L (SD)

3.271 (0.8789)

2.452 (0.8472)

1.994 (0.8062)

2.304 (1.099)

Risk factors and treatments

 Current Smoker (%)

5/20 (25%)

3/20 (15%)

4/20 (20%)

8/19 (42.1%)*

 Hypertension (%)

3/20 (15%)

15/20 (75%)

18/20 (90%)

17/20 (85%)

 Dyslipidemia (%)

5/20 (25%)

17/20 (85%)

20/20 (100%)

19/20 (95%)

 Peripheral Arterial Disease (%)

0/20 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

 Coronary Artery Disease (%)

0/20 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

20/20 (100%)

20/20 (100%)

 Stroke (%)

0/20 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

0/20 (0%)

1/20 (5%)

 Statins (%)

5/20 (25%)

17/20 (85%)

20/20 (100%)

18/19 (94.74%)*

 ACEi/ARB (%)

1/20 (5%)

11/20 (55%)

17/20 (85%)

18/19 (94.74%)*

 Insulin (%)

NA

10/20 (50%)

11/20 (55%)

9/19 (47.37%)

 Oral anti-diabetic agents (%)

NA

19/20 (95%)

14/20 (70%)

17/19 (89.47%)

 Aspirin (%)

0/20 (0%)

2/20 (10%)

20/20 (100%)

19/19 (100%)*