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Table 4 Association of cardiovascular risk factor management with CVD events among participants with diabetes, as compared with participants without diabetes

From: Interaction between smoking and diabetes in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular events

Category

Person-years

Cases

HR (95% CI)a

No diabetes

351,096

2134

1.00 [Ref.]

Diabetes

 Individual cardiovascular risk factor management

  Optimal fruits and vegetables intake

44,791

485

1.33 (1.20–1.47)

  Optimal physical activity

71,765

898

1.43 (1.32–1.55)

  HbA1c < 6.5%

35,669

391

1.27 (1.14–1.42)

  SBP/DBP < 130/80 mmHg

29,104

221

1.12 (0.97–1.28)

  LDL cholesterol < 100 mg/dL

37,126

397

1.28 (1.15–1.43)

  No CKD

100,376

1154

1.39 (1.29–1.50)

 Overall cardiovascular risk factor management

  2 or fewer controlled risk factors

34,699

542

1.79 (1.62–1.97)

  3 controlled risk factors

34,582

428

1.50 (1.35–1.67)

  4 controlled risk factors

24,629

238

1.25 (1.09–1.43)

  5 or more controlled risk factors

10,720

80

1.02 (0.81–1.27)

  1. Number of participants included in the analysis of individual risk factor management: 96,981 without diabetes, 12,408 with diabetes and fruits and vegetables intake ≥ 4.5 cup/day, 19,921 with diabetes and physical activity ≥ 600 MET-min/week; 9,980 with diabetes and HbA1c < 6.5%, 8,052 with diabetes and SBP/DBP < 130/80 mmHg, 10,312 with diabetes and LDL cholesterol < 100 mg/dL, and 28,032 with diabetes and no CKD. Number of participants included in the analysis of overall risk factor management: 96,981 without diabetes, 9,753 with diabetes and ≤ 2 controlled risk factors, 9,667 with diabetes and 3 controlled risk factors, 6,846 with diabetes and 4 controlled risk factors, and 2,934 with diabetes and ≥ 5 controlled risk factors
  2. aFor analysis of individual risk factor management: adjusted for age, sex, education attainment (less than high school, high school or further education), family history of diabetes (yes, no), family history of CVD (yes, no), fruits and vegetables intake (< 4.5 cup/day, ≥ 4.5 cup/day; not for fruits and vegetables intake analysis), physical activity (active, insufficiently active, inactive; not for physical activity analysis), alcohol consumption, hypertension (yes, no; not for SBP/DBP analysis), dyslipidemia (yes, no; not for LDL cholesterol analysis), baseline BMI, BMI change during follow-up, active smoking (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker), and passive smoking exposure in childhood and adulthood. For analysis of overall risk factor management: adjusted for age, sex, education attainment (less than high school, high school or further education), family history of diabetes (yes, no), family history of CVD (yes, no), alcohol consumption, baseline BMI, BMI change during follow-up, active smoking (never, former, current smoking), and passive smoking exposure in childhood and adulthood