Interaction between smoking and diabetes in relation to subsequent risk of cardiovascular events

Table 2 Association of smoking with CVD events among participants with and without diabetes

Category	No. of participants	Person-years	Cases	HR (95% CI)			P for interaction^c
Category	No. of participants	Person-years	Cases	Adjusted for CVD risk factors^a	Further adjusted for baseline BMI, and BMI change	Further adjusted for passive smoking^b	P for interaction^c
Diabetes							0.034
Never smokers	22,764	81,515	943	1.00 [Ref.]	1.00 [Ref.]	1.00 [Ref.]
Former smokers	1913	6889	112	1.15 (0.92–1.43)	1.15 (0.92–1.43)	1.15 (0.93–1.43)
Current smokers	4523	16,226	233	1.29 (1.08–1.54)	1.29 (1.08–1.53)	1.29 (1.08–1.54)
No diabetes
Never smokers	77,971	281,612	1604	1.00 [Ref.]	1.00 [Ref.]	1.00 [Ref.]
Former smokers	4136	15,002	128	1.07 (0.88–1.30)	1.06 (0.88–1.30)	1.07 (0.88–1.30)
Current smokers	14,874	54,483	402	1.23 (1.07–1.41)	1.24 (1.08–1.42)	1.24 (1.09–1.43)

126,181 participants were included in the analysis
^aAdjusted for age, sex, education attainment (less than high school, high school or further education), family history of diabetes (yes, no), family history of CVD (yes, no), fruits and vegetables intake (< 4.5 cup/day, ≥ 4.5 cup/day), physical activity (active, insufficiently active, inactive), alcohol consumption, hypertension (yes, no), and dyslipidemia (yes, no)
^bAdjusted for CVD risk factors as listed above, as well as baseline BMI, BMI change during follow-up, and passive smoking exposure in childhood and adulthood
^cInteraction of diabetes with smoking status in relation to CVD events was adjusted for CVD risk factors as listed above, as well as baseline BMI, BMI change during follow-up, and passive smoking exposure in childhood and adulthood

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