|
Sociodemographic factors
| | | |
|
Gender
| | |
0.02
|
|
Female
|
4516 (51.64)
|
1003 (54.57)
| |
|
Male
|
4229 (48.36)
|
835 (45.43)
| |
|
Age (years)
|
57.48 ± 11.18
|
67.29 ± 10.54
|
< 0.001
|
|
Life style behaviors
| | | |
|
Smoking
|
1456 (16.65)
|
343 (18.66)
|
0.04
|
|
Alcohol drinking
|
721 (8.24)
|
142 (7.73)
|
0.49
|
|
Exercising
|
4459 (50.99)
|
1005 (54.68)
|
0.004
|
|
BMI (kg/m2)
|
26.08 ± 4.13
|
25.26 ± 3.87
|
< 0.001
|
|
Diabetes-related variables
| | | |
|
Duration of diabetes (years)
|
5.39 ± 6.33
|
8.91 ± 8.35
|
< 0.001
|
|
Types of diabetes treatment
| | |
< 0.001
|
|
Oral hypoglycemic drug
|
7312 (83.61)
|
1482 (80.63)
| |
|
Inject insulin
|
125 (1.43)
|
26 (1.41)
| |
|
Both
|
766 (8.76)
|
260 (14.15)
| |
|
No
|
542 (6.20)
|
70 (3.81)
| |
|
Complications
| | | |
|
Hypertension
|
2613 (29.88)
|
837 (45.54)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Dyslipidemia
|
1686 (19.28)
|
478 (26.01)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Stroke
|
278 (3.18)
|
153 (8.32)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Coronary artery disease
|
412 (4.71)
|
198 (10.77)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Severe hypoglycemia
|
52 (0.59)
|
38 (2.07)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Peripheral neuropathy
|
594 (6.79)
|
311 (16.92)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Nephropathy
|
382 (4.37)
|
252 (13.71)
|
< 0.001
|
|
DKA
|
34 (0.39)
|
13 (0.71)
|
0.09
|
|
HHNK
|
60 (0.69)
|
38 (2.07)
|
< 0.001
|
|
Blood biochemical indices
| | | |
|
Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL)
|
151.12 ± 52.4
|
161.57 ± 66.59
|
< 0.001
|
|
HbA1c (%)
|
7.80 ± 1.70
|
8.06 ± 1.86
|
< 0.001
|
|
High-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)
|
43.67 ± 11.66
|
41.11 ± 11.66
|
< 0.001
|
|
Low-density lipoprotein (mg/dL)
|
111.97 ± 34.63
|
110.87 ± 35.69
|
0.22
|
|
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
|
165.71 ± 237.63
|
171.49 ± 212.54
|
0.30
|
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)
|
187.99 ± 43.32
|
188.48 ± 45.15
|
0.67
|
