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Table 1 Patient characteristics according to presence of myocardial ischemia

From: Epicardial adipose tissue volume and myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic people living with diabetes: a cross-sectional study

 

Available data

Total

No myocardial ischemia

Myocardial ischemia

p

n = 274

n = 242

n = 32

Clinical characteristics

 Age (years)

274

62.2 ± 9.5

61.9 ± 9.3

64.2 ± 10.5

0.195

 Male gender

274

153 (55.8)

128 (52.9)

25 (78.1)

0.008

 Body mass index (kg/m2)

264

30.2 ± 6.1

30.2 ± 6.1

29.7 ± 6.3

0.661

 Obesity

266

128 (48.1)

115 (49.1)

13 (40.6)

0.451

Diabetes

 Type

274

   

0.506

  Type 1

 

23 (8.4)

21 (8.7)

2 (6.3)

 

  Type 2

 

243 (88.7)

213 (88.0)

30 (93.8)

 

  Other

 

8 (2.9)

8 (3.3)

0 (0)

 

 Time since diagnosis (years)

267

17 ± 10

16 ± 9

21 ± 11

0.005

 HbA1c (%)

267

8.0 ± 1.8

8.0 ± 1.9

7.9 ± 1.4

0.947

 Diabetes-related treatment

  Metformin

274

209 (76.3)

182 (75.2)

27 (84.4)

0.376

  Sulfonylurea

273

125 (45.8)

109 (45.2)

16 (50.0)

0.706

  Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor

274

14 (5.1)

10 (4.1)

4 (12.5)

0.066

  Di-peptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor

274

63 (23.0)

55 (22.7)

8 (25.0)

0.823

 Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor

274

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

  Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists

274

49 (17.9)

43 (17.8)

6 (18.8)

0.811

  Insulin

274

152 (55.5)

134 (55.4)

18 (56.3)

1.000

Diabetes-related complications

 Retinopathy

269

106 (39.4)

92 (38.8)

14 (43.8)

0.700

 Estimated glomerular filtration rate

273

   

0.910

  ≥ 60 mL/min

 

228 (83.5)

202 (83.8)

26 (81.3)

 

  30–59 mL/min

 

36 (13.2)

31 (12.9)

5 (15.6)

 

  < 30 mL/min

 

9 (3.3)

8 (3.3)

1 (3.1)

 

 Proteinuria

268

    

  No

 

158 (59.9)

141 (59.7)

17 (53.1)

0.647

  Microalbuminuria

 

68 (24.6)

56 (23.7)

10 (31.3)

 

  Macroalbuminuria

 

44 (16.4)

39 (16.5)

5 (15.6)

 

 Nephropathy

272

152 (55.9)

130 (53.9)

22 (71.0)

0.085

 Neuropathy

269

179 (66.5)

154 (65.0)

25 (78.1)

0.165

 Peripheral macrovascular disease

272

60 (22.1)

47 (19.6)

13 (40.6)

0.012

Additional cardiovascular risk factors

 Family history of premature CAD

236

28 (11.9)

26 (12.5)

2 (7.1)

0.545

 Hypertensiona

273

241 (88.3)

210 (87.1)

31 (96.9)

0.145

 Antihypertensive treatment

    

0.593

  Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor

273

94 (34.4)

83 (34.4)

11 (34.4)

1.000

  Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker

273

124 (45.4)

107 (44.4)

17 (53.1)

0.450

  Beta blocker

273

54 (19.8)

46 (19.1)

8 (25.0)

0.478

  Calcium channel inhibitor

273

103 (37.7)

89 (36.9)

14 (43.8)

0.446

  Other

273

117 (42.9)

102 (42.3)

15 (54.9)

0.705

Dyslipidemiaa

274

230 (83.9)

202 (87.8)

28 (12.2)

0.798

Atherogenic dyslipidemiab

268

17 (6.3)

16 (6.8)

1 (3.2)

0.449

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

266

4.1 ± 1.0

4.1 ± 1.0

4.0 ± 1.1

0.525

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

268

1.2 ± 0.4

1.3 ± 0.4

1.1 ± 0.3

0.083

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

268

1.7 ± 1.0

1.7 ± 1.0

1.7 ± 0.9

0.083

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

262

2.1 ± 0.9

2.1 ± 0.9

2.1 ± 0.8

0.770

Lipid-lowering treatment

 Statin

273

201 (73.6)

179 (74.3)

22 (68.8)

0.525

 Fibrates

273

10 (3.7)

7 (2.9)

3 (9.4)

0.099

 Ezetimibe

273

10 (3.7)

8 (3.3)

2 (6.3)

0.331

Current smoking

266

51 (19.2)

44 (18.6)

7 (24.1)

0.459

Aspirin

272

129 (47.4)

108 (44.8)

21 (67.7)

0.021

Computed tomography

 Epicardial adipose tissue (cm3)

274

96 ± 36

94 ± 37

110 ± 37

0.021

 Coronary artery calcium score (AU)

274

307 ± 515

272 ± 472

563 ± 722

0.003

 Coronary artery calcium score > 100 AU

274

139 (50.7)

112 (46.3)

23 (71.9)

0.008

  1. Data are given as the mean ± standard deviation or n (%)
  2. p value: comparison between patients with and without silent myocardial ischemia
  3. AU Agatston unit, CAD coronary artery disease
  4. aHypertension and dyslipidemia were self-reported and/or inferred from prescriptions for antihypertensive and lipid-lowering agents, respectively
  5. bAtherogenic dyslipidemia was defined as triglycerides ≥ 2.26 mmol/L and HDL-cholesterol ≤ 0.88 mmol/L