Available data | Total | No myocardial ischemia | Myocardial ischemia | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 274 | n = 242 | n = 32 | |||
Clinical characteristics | |||||
Age (years) | 274 | 62.2 ± 9.5 | 61.9 ± 9.3 | 64.2 ± 10.5 | 0.195 |
Male gender | 274 | 153 (55.8) | 128 (52.9) | 25 (78.1) | 0.008 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 264 | 30.2 ± 6.1 | 30.2 ± 6.1 | 29.7 ± 6.3 | 0.661 |
Obesity | 266 | 128 (48.1) | 115 (49.1) | 13 (40.6) | 0.451 |
Diabetes | |||||
Type | 274 | 0.506 | |||
Type 1 | 23 (8.4) | 21 (8.7) | 2 (6.3) | ||
Type 2 | 243 (88.7) | 213 (88.0) | 30 (93.8) | ||
Other | 8 (2.9) | 8 (3.3) | 0 (0) | ||
Time since diagnosis (years) | 267 | 17 ± 10 | 16 ± 9 | 21 ± 11 | 0.005 |
HbA1c (%) | 267 | 8.0 ± 1.8 | 8.0 ± 1.9 | 7.9 ± 1.4 | 0.947 |
Diabetes-related treatment | |||||
Metformin | 274 | 209 (76.3) | 182 (75.2) | 27 (84.4) | 0.376 |
Sulfonylurea | 273 | 125 (45.8) | 109 (45.2) | 16 (50.0) | 0.706 |
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 274 | 14 (5.1) | 10 (4.1) | 4 (12.5) | 0.066 |
Di-peptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor | 274 | 63 (23.0) | 55 (22.7) | 8 (25.0) | 0.823 |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor | 274 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | |
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists | 274 | 49 (17.9) | 43 (17.8) | 6 (18.8) | 0.811 |
Insulin | 274 | 152 (55.5) | 134 (55.4) | 18 (56.3) | 1.000 |
Diabetes-related complications | |||||
Retinopathy | 269 | 106 (39.4) | 92 (38.8) | 14 (43.8) | 0.700 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate | 273 | 0.910 | |||
≥ 60 mL/min | 228 (83.5) | 202 (83.8) | 26 (81.3) | ||
30–59 mL/min | 36 (13.2) | 31 (12.9) | 5 (15.6) | ||
< 30 mL/min | 9 (3.3) | 8 (3.3) | 1 (3.1) | ||
Proteinuria | 268 | ||||
No | 158 (59.9) | 141 (59.7) | 17 (53.1) | 0.647 | |
Microalbuminuria | 68 (24.6) | 56 (23.7) | 10 (31.3) | ||
Macroalbuminuria | 44 (16.4) | 39 (16.5) | 5 (15.6) | ||
Nephropathy | 272 | 152 (55.9) | 130 (53.9) | 22 (71.0) | 0.085 |
Neuropathy | 269 | 179 (66.5) | 154 (65.0) | 25 (78.1) | 0.165 |
Peripheral macrovascular disease | 272 | 60 (22.1) | 47 (19.6) | 13 (40.6) | 0.012 |
Additional cardiovascular risk factors | |||||
Family history of premature CAD | 236 | 28 (11.9) | 26 (12.5) | 2 (7.1) | 0.545 |
Hypertensiona | 273 | 241 (88.3) | 210 (87.1) | 31 (96.9) | 0.145 |
Antihypertensive treatment | 0.593 | ||||
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor | 273 | 94 (34.4) | 83 (34.4) | 11 (34.4) | 1.000 |
Angiotensin 2 receptor blocker | 273 | 124 (45.4) | 107 (44.4) | 17 (53.1) | 0.450 |
Beta blocker | 273 | 54 (19.8) | 46 (19.1) | 8 (25.0) | 0.478 |
Calcium channel inhibitor | 273 | 103 (37.7) | 89 (36.9) | 14 (43.8) | 0.446 |
Other | 273 | 117 (42.9) | 102 (42.3) | 15 (54.9) | 0.705 |
Dyslipidemiaa | 274 | 230 (83.9) | 202 (87.8) | 28 (12.2) | 0.798 |
Atherogenic dyslipidemiab | 268 | 17 (6.3) | 16 (6.8) | 1 (3.2) | 0.449 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 266 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | 0.525 |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 268 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 0.083 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 268 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 1.0 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | 0.083 |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 262 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 0.770 |
Lipid-lowering treatment | |||||
Statin | 273 | 201 (73.6) | 179 (74.3) | 22 (68.8) | 0.525 |
Fibrates | 273 | 10 (3.7) | 7 (2.9) | 3 (9.4) | 0.099 |
Ezetimibe | 273 | 10 (3.7) | 8 (3.3) | 2 (6.3) | 0.331 |
Current smoking | 266 | 51 (19.2) | 44 (18.6) | 7 (24.1) | 0.459 |
Aspirin | 272 | 129 (47.4) | 108 (44.8) | 21 (67.7) | 0.021 |
Computed tomography | |||||
Epicardial adipose tissue (cm3) | 274 | 96 ± 36 | 94 ± 37 | 110 ± 37 | 0.021 |
Coronary artery calcium score (AU) | 274 | 307 ± 515 | 272 ± 472 | 563 ± 722 | 0.003 |
Coronary artery calcium score > 100 AU | 274 | 139 (50.7) | 112 (46.3) | 23 (71.9) | 0.008 |