Fig. 1

Association between baseline C-peptide levels and CVD risk, and follow-up measures of glucose control. a Restricted cubic splines curve and 95% CI of the relationship between C-peptide levels and CVD risk. Shaded region represents the frequency of C-peptide levels. b Restricted cubic splines curve and 95% CI of the relationship between C-peptide levels and severe hypoglycemia. Shaded region represents the percentage of hypoglycemic events. c, d Association between baseline C-peptide levels and updated mean visit-to-visit glucose CV and ARV. All models on panels A-D were adjusted for glucose-lowering group. e Hazard ratios (95% CI) for low (< 0.50 nmol/l) and high (> 1.23 nmol/l) C-peptide levels with CVD risk after adjustment for glucose lowering group (Trt group), clinical and demographic risk factors (RF), baseline insulin and sulphonylureas (SU) use (Meds), and glucose CV (G-CV) or severe hypoglycemia (sHypo). Low (< 0.50 nmol/l) and high C-peptide (> 1.23 nmol/l) ranges in analyses using restricted cubic splines were defined by C-peptide values corresponding to a hazard ratio of one (a)