Skip to main content

Table 1 Baseline clinical characteristics before and after matching

From: Cardiovascular outcomes after initiating GLP-1 receptor agonist or basal insulin for the routine treatment of type 2 diabetes: a region-wide retrospective study

 

Before matching

After matching

GLP-1RA (N = 4738)

Insulin (N = 17,449)

SMD*

p value**

GLP-1RA (N = 4,063)

Insulin (N = 4,063)

SMD*

p value**

Demographics

 Age at index date (years)

62.2 (9.4)

71.9 (11.5)

− 0.88

< 0.001

63.3 (9.1)

63.1 (11.2)

0.02

0.124

 Female sex (%)

39.3

42.9

− 0.07

< 0.001

39.5

39.1

0.01

0.733

 Claims-based history lengtha (months)

54.4 (18.6)

46.6 (19.3)

0.41

< 0.001

53.0 (18.9)

52.8 (18.5)

0.01

0.152

 Claims-based diabetes durationb (months)

105.3 (59.4)

123.5 (66.3)

− 0.28

< 0.001

107.5 (60.5)

108.5 (60.2)

− 0.02

0.201

 Recent outpatient prescription for first endocrinological visit

17.8

24.8

− 0.17

< 0.001

19.1

19.6

− 0.01

0.594

Risk factors

 Hypertension (%)

83.7

88.4

− 0.14

< 0.001

83.7

82.5

0.03

0.164

 Dyslipidaemia (%)

71.9

68.0

0.08

< 0.001

71.3

70.9

0.01

0.750

Macrovascular complications

 Peripheral circulatory complications (%)

1.0

5.0

− 0.20

< 0.001

1.2

1.5

− 0.03

0.282

 Infarction (%)

5.4

13.7

− 0.26

< 0.001

5.8

6.0

− 0.01

0.778

 Ischemic heart disease (%)

9.8

19.2

− 0.25

< 0.001

10.5

10.4

0.00

0.913

 Stroke or TIA (%)

3.1

8.6

− 0.21

< 0.001

3.3

4.1

− 0.04

0.078

 Heart failure (%)

1.9

12.4

− 0.35

< 0.001

2.1

2.9

− 0.05

0.019

 Cardiovascular disease (%)

13.6

32.3

− 0.42

< 0.001

14.5

15.6

− 0.03

0.215

Microvascular complications

 Neurological complications (%)

0.1

1.1

− 0.11

< 0.001

0.1

0.3

− 0.04

0.099

 Ocular complications (%)

0.2

0.6

− 0.06

< 0.001

0.2

0.3

− 0.02

0.382

 Renal complications (%)

0.2

2.0

− 0.15

< 0.001

0.2

0.2

0.01

1.000

 Chronic kidney disease (%)

1.4

8.5

− 0.28

< 0.001

1.5

1.7

− 0.02

0.430

Severe hypoglycaemia (%)

0.3

2.3

− 0.15

< 0.001

0.3

0.6

− 0.04

0.108

Comorbidities

 Chronic pulmonary disease (%)

32.1

32.1

0.00

0.981

31.7

30.2

0.03

0.143

 Systemic inflammatory disease (%)

2.3

1.9

0.03

0.083

2.3

2.3

0.00

0.882

 Cancer (%)

10.1

17.6

− 0.20

< 0.001

10.7

11.2

− 0.02

0.456

 Charlson comorbidity index

0.3 (0.9)

1.3 (1.9)

− 0.52

< 0.001

0.3 (1.0)

0.4 (1.0)

− 0.08

< 0.001

  0, n (%)

3902 (82.4)

9479 (54.3)

  

3318 (81.7)

3171 (78.0)

  

  1, n (%)

443 (9.3)

2466 (14.1)

  

391 (9.6)

440 (10.8)

  

  2, n (%)

244 (5.1)

2276 (13.0)

  

221 (5.4)

284 (7.0)

  

  3+, n (%)

149 (3.1)

3228 (18.5)

  

133 (3.3)

168 (4.1)

  

Glucose lowering medications

 No. of different A10B therapiesc

2.5 (1.2)

2.4 (1.2)

0.08

< 0.001

2.5 (1.3)

2.5 (1.3)

− 0.02

0.290

 Metformin (%)

90.6

79.0

0.30

< 0.001

89.6

89.9

− 0.01

0.742

 Sulfonylureas (%)

48.6

72.8

− 0.53

< 0.001

53.1

53.8

− 0.02

0.505

 SGLT2i (%)

5.5

1.8

0.23

< 0.001

4.8

4.7

0.00

0.917

 DPP4i (%)

43.0

27.7

0.33

< 0.001

40.7

40.6

0.00

0.982

 Pioglitazone (%)

16.4

9.1

0.24

< 0.001

15.0

15.2

− 0.01

0.828

Other therapies

 ACE inhibitors (%)

71.9

71.8

0.00

0.912

71.4

70.8

0.01

0.590

 Diuretics (%)

17.5

40.6

− 0.49

< 0.001

18.9

18.1

0.02

0.361

 Beta blockers (%)

33.9

43.7

− 0.20

< 0.001

35.1

34.2

0.02

0.401

 Other antihypertensives (%)

8.2

10.4

− 0.07

< 0.001

8.4

7.9

0.02

0.465

 Statins (%)

62.8

59.5

0.07

< 0.001

62.1

61.5

0.01

0.553

 Fibrates or omega-3 (%)

11.8

9.9

0.06

< 0.001

11.6

11.7

− 0.00

1.000

 PCSK9 inhibitors

0.0

0.0

0

1.000

0.0

0.0

0

1.000

 Ezetimibe (%)

3.3

1.6

0.13

< 0.001

2.7

2.6

0.01

0.729

 Platelet aggregation inhibitors (%)

33.2

47.4

− 0.29

< 0.001

34.5

34.2

0.01

0.797

  1. Therapy variables were calculated starting from 12 months before the index date, unless otherwise indicated. Pre-existing conditions were calculated with all available data up to the index date. Clinical-laboratory data refer to the visit closest to the index date. Absolute SMD values are shown
  2. *Standardized mean differences (positive if SGLT2i greater; “< 0.01” if |SMD| < 0.01)
  3. **Chi-squared test for dichotomous variables (expressed as %), Mann–Whitney’s U test otherwise
  4. aTime interval between the first available claim and the index date
  5. bTime interval between the first claim or exemption from co-payment indicating diabetes and the index date
  6. cComputed using all available data up to the index date
Back to article page

Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840