Table 1 Baseline characteristics of T2DM patients and normal controls
Variables | T2DM patients (n = 177) | Normal controls (n = 79) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |||
 Age, years | 61 ± 13 | 58 ± 14 | 0.12 |
 Gender (female), n (%) | 83 (47) | 45 (57) | 0.14 |
 DM duration, years | 10 (2–16) | – | – |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 25 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 |  < 0.0001 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 131 ± 20 | 125 ± 14 | 0.049 |
 Heart rate, bpm | 70 ± 11 | 66 ± 10 | 0.013 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 74.0 ± 24.0 | 79.4 ± 26.2 | 0.13 |
 HbA1c, % | 8.8 ± 2.0 | 5.6 ± 0.5 |  < 0.0001 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
 Hypertension | 107 (60) | 6 (8) |  < 0.0001 |
 Dyslipidemia | 105 (59) | 6 (8) |  < 0.0001 |
Diabetic-related comorbidities, n (%) | |||
 Neuropathy | 53 (30) |  |  |
 Retinopathy | 58 (33) |  |  |
 Nephropathy | 69 (39) |  |  |
Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | |||
 Insulin | 80 (45) |  |  |
 DPP-4I | 89 (50) | – | – |
 GLP-1 RA | 27 (15) | – | – |
 SU | 38 (21) | – | – |
 α-GI | 35 (20) | – | – |
 Thiazalidine | 19 (11) | – | – |
 Metformin | 87 (50) | – | – |
 SGLT2 inhibitors | 20 (11) | – | – |
 Statins | 72 (41) |  |  |
 Calcium channel blockers | 65 (37) |  |  |
 β-blockers | 25 (14) |  |  |
Echocardiographic Parameters | |||
 LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 69.3 ± 21.2 | 74.8 ± 22.5 | 0.06 |
 LV end-systolic volume, mL | 24.2 ± 9.7 | 26.5 ± 9.1 | 0.08 |
 LVEF, % | 66 ± 5 | 66 ± 5 | 0.54 |
 LVMI, g/m2 | 81.7 ± 21.2 | 71.5 ± 19.2 | 0.0004 |
 LAVI, mL/m2 | 30.0 ± 8.4 | 27.1 ± 8.4 | 0.02 |
 E/A | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.3 |  < 0.0001 |
 E/e′ | 11.0 ± 4.1 | 8.4 ± 2.5 |  < 0.0001 |
 Tricuspid regurgitation velocity, m/s | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.3 | 0.009 |
 GLS, % | 17.6 ± 3.1 | 20.5 ± 1.8 |  < 0.0001 |
 RV free-wall strain, % | 19.3 ± 4.8 | 24.4 ± 5.1 |  < 0.0001 |