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Table 1 Characteristics of the enrolled patients categorized based on CKD and SD of eGFR

From: A synergistic effect of variability in estimated glomerular filtration rate with chronic kidney disease on all-cause mortality prediction in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study

 

CKD (−) n = 2633

CKD (+) N = 959

P

Low SD (n = 1241)

High SD (n = 1392)

Low SD (n = 555)

High SD (n = 404)

Age (year)

65.0  ± 9.8

63.2  ± 9.6a

73.0  ± 10.0ab

71.3  ± 10.5ab

 < 0.001

Male, n (%)

773 (62.3%)

629 (45.2%)a

339 (61.1%)b

208 (51.5%)abc

 < 0.001

Current smoking, n (%)

142 (11.4%)

127 (9.1%)

32 (5.8%)ab

25 (6.2%)a

 < 0.001

CVD history, n (%)

155 (12.5%)

198 (14.2%)

128 (23.1%)ab

114 (28.2%)ab

 < 0.001

BMI (kg/m2)

25.7  ± 3.9

25.8  ± 4.4

25.8  ± 4.0

26.6  ± 4.2ab

0.002

Duration of diabetes (year)

13.2  ± 7.6

12.4  ± 7.1

17.2  ± 8.6ab

16.0  ± 8.8ab

 < 0.001

Hypertension, n (%)

947 (76.3%)

1033 (74.2%)

521 (93.9%)ab

382 (94.6%)ab

 < 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

135  ± 18

135  ± 18

141  ± 19ab

142  ± 22ab

 < 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

77  ± 10

76  ± 11

76  ± 11

76  ± 13

0.231

HbA1c (%)

7.3  ± 1.3

7.5  ± 1.4

7.4  ± 1.4

7.6  ± 1.7*

0.005

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.0  ± 0.8

4.1  ± 0.9a

4.0  ± 0.8b

4.0  ± 0.9b

 < 0.001

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.3  ± 0.4

1.3  ± 0.4

1.3  ± 0.4b

1.2  ± 0.4ab

 < 0.001

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.4  ± 0.8

1.5  ± 1.3a

1.6  ± 1.3a

1.9  ± 2.0abc

 < 0.001

Index eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

84.6  ± 16.1

93.4  ± 21.1a

44.2  ± 11.4ab

42.9  ± 12.3ab

 < 0.001

Mean of eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

85.2  ± 15.9

97.8  ± 20.1a

46.7  ± 11.3ab

54.7  ± 15.0*#†

 < 0.001

SD of eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

5.0  ± 1.6

13.7  ± 7.1a

4.4  ± 1.7b

13.6  ± 7.2*†

 < 0.001

Albuminuria

69 (5.6%)

87 (6.3%)

143 (25.8%)ab

117 (29.0%)ab

 < 0.001

ACE inhibitor or ARB, n (%)

491 (39.6%)

489 (35.1%)

312 (56.2%)ab

223 (55.2%)ab

 < 0.001

Antiplatelet, n (%)

339 (27.3%)

371 (26.7%)

243 (43.8%)ab

198 (49.0%)ab

 < 0.001

Statins, n (%)

929 (74.9%)

1027 (73.8%)

414 (74.6%)

291 (72.0%)

0.701

Insulin therapy, n (%)

244 (19.7%)

321 (23.1%)a

170 (30.6%)ab

144 (35.6%)ab

 < 0.001

Oral antidiabetic drugs

1124 (90.6%)

1255 (90.2%)

479 (86.3%)

349 (86.4%)

0.008

 Insulin secretagogues, n (%)

484 (39.0%)

519 (37.3%)

227 (40.9%)

156 (38.6%)

0.505

 Metformin, n (%)

508 (40.9%)

559 (40.2%)

125 (22.5%)ab

115 (28.5%)abc

 < 0.001

 Thiazolidinediones, n (%)

298 (24.0%)

359 (25.8%)

143 (25.8%)

99 (24.5%)

0.721

 DPP4 inhibitors, n (%)

748 (60.3%)

816 (58.6%)

349 (62.9%)

253 (62.6%)

0.251

 SGLT2 inhibitors, n (%)

132 (10.6%)

203 (14.6%)a

28 (5.0%)ab

22 (5.4%)ab

 < 0.001

Mortality, n (%)

22 (1.8%)

44 (3.2%)a

27 (4.9%)a

34 (8.4%)abc

 < 0.001

Incidence of mortality (deaths/100 person-years)d

1.1

2.0

3.2

5.6

 < 0.001

  1. Continuous data are presented as the mean ± SD, and categorical data are presented as numbers (%)
  2. CKD was defined as an index eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and SD of eGFR was grouped based on the median of 7.62 mL/min/1.73 m2
  3. ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor antagonist, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, HbA1c hemoglobin A1c, HDL high-density lipoprotein, SD standard deviation, SGLT2 sodium glucose cotransporter 2
  4. a–cIndicates statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) compared to the low SD without CKD, high SD without CKD, and low SD with CKD groups, respectively; only one of the three markers, in the order of priority, is used between the compared groups
  5. dUsing log rank test
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840