Table 1 Patient characteristics
|  | Low SAF (n = 99) | High SAF (n = 105) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 61.5 ± 16.0 | 74.3 ± 10.5 | < 0.01 |
Male (%) | 60 (60.6) | 65 (61.9) | 0.84 |
BMI | 23.0 ± 4.0 | 23.1 ± 4.1 | 0.74 |
Hypertension (%) | 50 (50.5) | 60 (57.1) | 0.34 |
Diabetes mellitus (%) | 35 (35.4) | 39 (37.1) | 0.79 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 39 (39.4) | 43 (41.0) | 0.82 |
Chronic kidney disease (%) | 45 (45.9) | 65 (62.5) | 0.02 |
Current smoking (%) | 14 (14.3) | 10 (9.6) | 0.30 |
COPD (%) | 1 (1.0) | 5 (4.8) | 0.11 |
History of MI (%) | 12 (12.1) | 22 (21.0) | 0.08 |
History of PCI (%) | 15 (15.2) | 26 (24.8) | 0.08 |
History of CABG (%) | 6 (6.1) | 24 (22.9) | < 0.01 |
History of valvular surgery (%) | 10 (10.1) | 13 (12.4) | 0.60 |
History of CHF (%) | 49 (49.5) | 56 (53.9) | 0.53 |
Valvular disease (%) | |||
 Aortic valve stenosis | 11 (11.1) | 22 (21.0) | 0.06 |
 Aortic valve regurgitation | 2 (2.0) | 3 (2.9) | 0.70 |
 Mitral valve stenosis | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) | 0.96 |
 Mitral valve regurgitation | 15 (15.2) | 27 (25.7) | 0.06 |
 Tricuspid valve regurgitation | 15 (15.2) | 13 (12.4) | 0.57 |
Atrial fibrillation (%) | 30 (30.3) | 36 (34.3) | 0.54 |
Dilated cardiomyopathy (%) | 12 (12.1) | 8 (7.6) | 0.27 |
Echocardiography | |||
 LVEF (%) | 49 ± 20 | 51 ± 18 | 0.46 |
 E/e′ | 19.1 ± 11.0 | 20.0 ± 11.7 | 0.77 |
Laboratory data | |||
 Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.2 ± 2.3 | 12.2 ± 2.1 | < 0.01 |
 Albumin, g/dL | 3.7 ± 0.5 | 3.6 ± 0.5 | 0.04 |
 HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.1 ± 0.9 | 0.36 |
 Fasting blood sugar, mg/dL | 97 ± 21 | 106 ± 30 | 0.02 |
 Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 167 ± 33 | 165 ± 38 | 0.69 |
 LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 98 ± 27 | 96 ± 32 | 0.76 |
 HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 46 ± 14 | 46 ± 12 | 0.85 |
 Triglyceride, mg/dL | 109 ± 54 | 104 ± 46 | 0.53 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 66.5 ± 27.5 | 51.9 ± 25.0 | < 0.01 |
 BNP, pg/dL | 325.4 ± 333.4 | 516.4 ± 862.7 | 0.04 |
Medication | |||
 Aspirin (%) | 27 (27.3) | 52 (50.0) | < 0.01 |
 ACE-I/ARB (%) | 67 (67.7) | 72 (69.2) | 0.81 |
 Statin (%) | 44 (44.4) | 63 (60.6) | 0.02 |
 β-Blocker (%) | 70 (70.7) | 87 (83.7) | 0.03 |
 Ca antagonist (%) | 27 (27.3) | 37 (35.6) | 0.20 |
 Loop diuretics (%) | 63 (63.6) | 75 (72.1) | 0.19 |
 Oral hypoglycemic agent (%) | 10 (10.1) | 22 (21.0) | 0.03 |
 Insulin (%) | 4 (4.0) | 9 (8.6) | 0.19 |
Anthropometric data and grip strength | |||
 Body fat percentage (%) | 23.9 ± 7.8 | 24.9 ± 10.7 | 0.48 |
 Lean body weight (kg) | 46.7 ± 11.3 | 44.0 ± 9.9 | 0.11 |
 Grip strength (kg) | 28.0 ± 10.6 | 25.5 ± 8.1 | 0.23 |