Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 104 697 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus categorised in four groups of estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR)
All n = 104 697 | eGDR < 4 (mg/kg/min) n = 24 706 | eGDR 4–6 (mg/kg/min) n = 40 187 | eGDR 6–8 (mg/kg/min) n = 21 042 | eGDR > 8 (mg/kg/min) n = 18 762 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years (SD) | 62.9 (11.5) | 62.3 (10.2) | 65.3 (10.7) | 62.0 (12.7) | 59.5 (12.2) |
Age at onset, yrs (SD) | 58.8 (11.5) | 57.6 (10.3) | 60.9 (10.8) | 58.3 (12.5) | 56.1 (12.3) |
Diabetes duration, years (SD) | 4.1 (5.7) | 4.7 (6.1) | 4.3 (5.8) | 3.6 (5.4) | 3.5 (5.3) |
Women, n/N (%) | 46099/104697 (44.0) | 8621/24706 (34.9) | 17797/40187 (44.3) | 10616/21042 (50.5) | 9065/18762 (48.3) |
Smoking, n/N (%) | 16125/98754 (16.3) | 3738/23150 (16.2) | 5542/37932 (14.6) | 3546/19903 (17.8) | 3299/17769 (18.6) |
Marital status, n/N (%) | |||||
Married | 57106/104697 (54.5) | 12,762/24706 (51.7) | 22573/40187 (56.2) | 11082/21042 (52.7) | 10689/18762 (57.0) |
Separat | 18352/104697 (17.5) | 4535/24706 (18.4) | 6721/40187 (16.7) | 3670/21042 (17.4) | 3426/18762 (18.3) |
Single | 17900/104697 (17.1) | 5175/24706 (21.0) | 5781/40187 (14.4) | 3813/21042 (18.1) | 3131/18762 (16.7) |
Widowed | 11339/104697 (10.8) | 2234/24706 (9.0) | 5112/40187 (12.7) | 2477/21042 (11.8) | 1516/18762 (8.1) |
Country of birth, n/N (%) | |||||
Europe except Sweden | 11367/104697 (10.9) | 2897/24706 (11.7) | 4323/40187 (10.8) | 2202/21042 (10.5) | 1945/18762 (10.4) |
Rest of world | 8804/104697 (8.4) | 1279/24706 (5.2) | 2397/40187 (6.0) | 2157/21042 (10.3) | 2971/18762 (15.8) |
Sweden | 84526/104697 (80.7) | 20,530 /24706 (83.1) | 33467/40187 (83.3) | 16683/21042 (79.3) | 13846/18762 (73.8) |
Education, n/N (%) | |||||
College level | 45875/102992 (44.5) | 11,178/24300 (46.0) | 17124/39569 (43.3) | 9332/20686 (45.1) | 8241/18437 (44.7) |
Elementary school | 38725/102992 (37.6) | 9384/24300 (38.6) | 15796/39569 (39.9) | 7592/20686 (36.7) | 5953/18437 (32.3) |
Upper secondary school | 18392/102992 (17.9) | 3738/24300 (15.4) | 6649/39569 (16.8) | 3762/20686 (18.2) | 4243/18437 (23.1) |
Waist, cm (SD) | 104.5 (13.5) | 118.4 (11.2) | 103.1 (8.9) | 100.1 (13.8) | 93.9 (9.0) |
BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 30.3 (5.4) | 35.0 (5.3) | 29.8 (4.2) | 29.1 (5.2) | 26.9 (3.7) |
HbA1c, mmol/mol (SD) | 53.3 (14.7) | 61.9 (18.0) | 51.2 (12.7) | 52.3 (13.9) | 47.4 (8.8) |
eGDR, mg/kg/min (SD) | 5.6 (2.2) | 2.9 (1.0) | 5.0 (0.6) | 6.9 (0.6) | 9.1 (0.8) |
SBP, mmHg (SD) | 137.4 (17.1) | 140.3 (17.3) | 139.2 (17.0) | 136.0 (16.7) | 131.1 (15.7) |
DBP, mmHg (SD) | 78.8 (9.9) | 81.0 (10.4) | 78.8 (10.0) | 78.1 (9.5) | 76.8 (9.0) |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 5.1 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) | 5.2 (1.1) |
LDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 2.9 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.1 (1.0) |
HDL cholesterol, mmol/L (SD) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.4) | 1.4 (0.4) |
Triglycerides, mmol/L (SD) | 1.9 (1.2) | 2.3 (1.4) | 1.9 (1.1) | 1.9 (1.2) | 1.6 (1.0) |
Creatinine, µmol/L (SD) | 76.8 (24.4) | 78.9 (28.0) | 78.9 (24.8) | 74.2 (22.7) | 72.4 (18.5) |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 (SD) | 84.5 (23.9) | 85.2 (24.9) | 81.4 (23.3) | 86.2 (24.5) | 88.6 (22.3) |
Diabetes treatment, n/N (%) | |||||
Diet only | 40763/104697 (38.9) | 6110/24706 (24.7) | 16092/40187 (40.0) | 9303/21042 (44.2) | 9258/18762 (49.3) |
Insulin | 6662/104697 (6.4) | 1725/24706 (7.0) | 2307/40187 (5.7) | 1248/21042 (5.9) | 1382/18762 (7.4) |
Tablets | 48546/104697 (46.4) | 13212/24706 (53.5) | 18721/40187 (46.6) | 9305/21042 (44.2) | 7308/18762 (39.0) |
Tablets and insulin | 8726/104697 (8.3) | 3659/24706 (14.8) | 3067/40187 (7.6) | 1186/21042 (5.6) | 814/18762 (4.3) |
Anti hypertensive treatment, n/N (%) | 70101/104697 (67.0) | 24193/24706 (97.9) | 37072/40187 (92.3) | 8629/21042 (41.0) | 207/18762 (1.1) |
Lipid lowering treatment, n/N (%) | 47144/102086 (46.2) | 13289/23932 (55.5) | 21337/39106 (54.6) | 7520/20587 (36.5) | 4998/18461 (27.1) |
Microalbuminurea, n/N (%) | 9415/69691 (13.5) | 3037/15543 (19.5) | 3781/26785 (14.1) | 1571/14158 (11.1) | 1026/13205 (7.8) |
Macroalbuminurea, n/N (%) | 4759/79042 (6.0) | 1712/18058 (9.5) | 1929/30447 (6.3) | 689/15923 (4.3) | 429/14614 (2.9) |
Physical Activity, times/week, n/N (%) | |||||
1–2 | 19205/94161 (20.4) | 4937/22029 (22.4) | 7469/36215 (20.6) | 3778/18990 (19.9) | 3021/16927 (17.9) |
3–5 | 2221094161 (23.6) | 4250/22029 (19.3) | 8746/36215 (24.2) | 4641/18990 (24.4) | 4573/16927 (27.0) |
< 1 | 1136494161 (12.1) | 3758/22029 (17.1) | 4109/36215 (11.4) | 2087/18990 (11.0) | 1410/16927 (8.3) |
> 5 | 3022894161 (32.1) | 4977/22029 (22.6) | 12009/36215 (33.2) | 6503/18990 (34.2%) | 6739/16927 (39.8) |
Never | 1115494161 (11.9) | 4107 /22029 (18.6) | 3882/36215 (10.7) | 1981/18990 (10.4) | 1184/16927 (7.0) |
History of comorbidities, n/N (%) | |||||
Cardiovascular disease | 8135/104697 (7.8) | 2561/24706 (10.4) | 4232/40187 (10.5) | 1039/21042 (4.9) | 303/18762 (1.6) |
Coronary heart disease | 15161/104697 (14.5) | 4596/24706 (18.6) | 7780/40187 (19.4) | 2037/21042 (9.7) | 748/18762 (4.0) |
Acute myocardial infarction | 8135/104697 (7.8) | 2561/24706 (10.4) | 4232/40187 (10.5) | 1039/21042 (4.9) | 303/18762 (1.6) |
Atrial fibrillation | 5415/104697 (5.2) | 1734/24706 (7.0) | 2554/40187 (6.4) | 827/21042 (3.9) | 300/18762 (1.6) |
Heart failure | 4221/104697 (4.0) | 1650/24706 (6.7) | 1876/40187 (4.7) | 526/21042 (2.5) | 169/18762 (0.9) |
Hyperglycaemia | 759/104697 (0.7) | 208/24706 (0.8) | 260/40187 (0.7) | 157/21042 (0.8) | 134/18762 (0.7) |
Amputation | 150/104697 (0.1) | 54/24706 (0.2) | 60/40187 (0.2) | 21/21042 (0.1) | 15/18762 (0.1) |
Psychiatric disorder | 3277/104697 (3.1) | 819/24706 (3.3) | 1017/40187 (2.5) | 777/21042 (3.7) | 664/18762 (3.5) |
End-stage renal failure | 107/104697 (0.1) | 27/24706 (0.1) | 43/40187 (0.1) | 27/21042 (0.13) | 10/18762 (0.1) |
Cancer | 6826/104697 (6.5) | 1469/24706 (6.0) | 2870/40187 (7.1) | 1346/21042 (6.4) | 1141/18762 (6.1) |
Gastric bypass operation | 105/104697 (0.1) | 32/24706 (0.1) | 38/40187 (0.1) | 20/21042 (0.1) | 15/18762 (0.1) |