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Table 1 Baseline characteristics according to diabetes therapy in original cohort and inverse probability of treatment weighted pseudo-cohort within the Korean Acute Heart Failure (KorAHF) registry

From: Impact of insulin therapy on the mortality of acute heart failure patients with diabetes mellitus

 

Original cohort

Weighted psueco-cohort

OHA-only (N = 620)

Insulin-only (N = 682)

 

All insulin (N = 1120)

 

OHA-only (N = 426)

Insulin-only (N = 682)

 

OHA-only (N = 697)

All insulin (N = 1120)

 

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

ASD

Mean (SD)

ASD

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

ASD

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

ASD

Age

71.2 (11.1)

67.3 (14.1)

− 0.281

68.5 (12.8)

− 0.211

69.9 (11.2)

67.3 (14.1)

− 0.191

70.1 (10.8)

68.5 (12.8)

− 0.121

BMI (kg/m2)

24.1 (3.7)

23.4 (3.9)

− 0.181

23.4 (3.8)

− 0.181

23.6 (3.8)

23.4 (3.9)

− 0.03

23.4 (3.6)

23.4 (3.8)

0.01

SBP (mmHg)

134.4 (28.4)

130.0 (32.7)

− 0.141

132.2 (32.9)

− 0.07

135.0 (32.0)

130.0 (32.7)

− 0.15

135.0 (32.0)

132.2 (32.9)

− 0.09

DBP (mmHg)

79.5 (17.7)

75.6 (19.6)

− 0.201

76.5 (19.3)

− 0.161

77.7 (18.8)

75.6 (19.6)

− 0.11

77.7 (18.8)

76.5 (19.3)

− 0.06

Heart rate (bpm)

92.9 (25.5)

94.1 (25.5)

0.05

94.2 (25.4)

0.05

92.0 (24.79)

94.1 (25.5)

0.08

92.0 (24.8)

94.2 (25.4)

0.08

Glucose (mg/dL)

184.2 (76.0)

188.7 (109.1)

0.04

202.2 (108.3)

0.171

183.8 (83.7)

188.7(109.1)

0.05

183.8 (83.7)

202.2 (108.3)

0.05

Sodium (mmol/L)

137.3 (4.6)

136.0 (5.4)

− 0.231

136.2 (5.3)

− 0.211

136.6 (4.9)

136.0 (5.4)

− 0.11

136.6 (4.9)

136.2 (5.3)

− 0.06

Potassium (mmol/L)

4.3 (0.6)

4.7 (0.9)

0.381

4.6 (0.9)

0.361

4.6 (0.8)

4.7 (0.9)

0.05

4.6 (0.8)

4.6 (0.9)

0.10

BUN (mg/dL)

24.7 (14.3)

34.3 (21.1)

0.461

32.6 (20.0)

0.401

33.2 (20.3)

34.3 (21.1)

0.05

33.2 (20.3)

32.6 (20.0)

0.10

Creatinine (mg/dL)

1.4 (1.0)

2.1 (1.9)

0.371

1.9 (1.7)

0.311

2.0 (1.6)

2.1 (1.9)

0.05

2.0 (1.6)

1.9 (1.7)

0.03

 

N (%)

N (%)

ASD

N (%)

ASD

N (%)

N (%)

ASD

N (%)

N (%)

ASD

Female patients

291 (46.9)

310 (45.5)

− 0.03

512 (45.7)

− 0.03

182 (42.7)

310 (45.5)

0.06

301 (43.2)

512 (45.7)

0.05

Hypertension

462 (74.5)

436 (63.9)

− 0.221

746 (66.6)

− 0.171

309 (72.6)

436 (63.9)

− 0.18

512 (73.5)

746 (66.6)

− 0.151

IHD

225 (36.3)

247 (36.2)

0.00

410 (36.6)

0.01

153 (36.0)

247 (36.2)

0.01

263 (37.7)

410 (36.6)

− 0.02

AF

182 (29.4)

177 (26.0)

− 0.08

254 (22.7)

− 0.161

120 (28.1)

177 (26.0)

− 0.05

161 (23.1)

254 (22.7)

− 0.01

COPD

75 (12.1)

77 (11.3)

− 0.03

119 (10.6)

− 0.05

62 (14.6)

77 (11.3)

− 0.10

100 (14.3)

119 (10.6)

− 0.12

CKD

96 (15.5)

182 (26.7)

0.251

278 (24.8)

0.221

132 (31.0)

182 (26.7)

− 0.10

188 (27.0)

278 (24.8)

− 0.05

CVA

105 (16.9)

122 (17.9)

0.03

201 (18.0)

0.03

72 (17.0)

122 (17.9)

0.02

121 (17.3)

201 (18.0)

0.02

BNP or NT-proBNP 2 (pg/mL)

482 (77.7)

551 (80.8)

0.08

908 (81.1)

0.09

344 (80.8)

551 (80.8)

0.00

565 (81.1)

908 (81.1)

0.00

NYHA class III–IV

537 (86.6)

620 (90.9)

0.151

1,006 (89.8)

0.111

388 (91.1)

620 (90.9)

− 0.01

625 (89.6)

1006 (89.8)

0.01

LVEF (%)

36.4 (15.2)

36.7 (14.6)

0.02

36.6 (14.6)

0.02

36.2 (14.5)

36.7 (14.6)

0.03

36.2 (14.5)

36.6 (14.6)

− 0.01

Management at admission

 Diuretics, IV

542 (87.4)

616 (90.3)

0.10

1013 (90.5)

0.10

381 (89.4)

616 (90.3)

0.03

619 (88.8)

1,013 (90.5)

0.06

 Inotropes, IV

163 (26.3)

417 (61.1)

0.721

641 (57.2)

0.631

223 (52.3)

417 (61.1)

0.181

353 (50.6)

641 (57.2)

0.141

 Vasodilators, IV

274 (44.2)

427 (62.6)

0.381

703 (62.8)

0.381

226 (53.0)

427 (62.6)

0.201

385 (55.2)

703 (62.8)

0.161

Management at discharge

 ACEIs/ARBs

461 (74.4)

332 (48.7)

− 0.511

621 (55.5)

− 0.381

247 (57.9)

332 (48.7)

− 0.191

430 (61.7)

621 (55.5)

− 0.13

 Beta-blockers

338 (54.5)

281 (41.2)

− 0.271

537 (48.0)

− 0.131

190 (44.6)

281 (41.2)

− 0.07

340 (48.9)

537 (48.0)

− 0.02

 MRAs

295 (47.6)

245 (35.9)

− 0.241

443 (39.6)

− 0.161

160 (37.5)

245 (35.9)

− 0.03

274 (39.3)

443 (39.6)

0.01

 Warfarin

172 (27.7)

183 (26.8)

− 0.02

264 (23.6)

− 0.10

115 (26.9)

183 (26.8)

0.00

175 (25.1)

264 (23.6)

− 0.04

  1. IPTW inverse probability treatment weight, OHA oral hypoglycemic agents, SD standard deviation, ASD absolute standard difference, BMI body mass index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, BUN blood urine nitrogen, IHD ischemic heart disease, AF atrial fibrillation, COPD chronic lung obstructive disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, CVA cerebrovascular attack, BNP B-type natriuretic peptide, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide, NYHA new York heart association, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, MRA mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
  2. 1P < 0.05
  3. 2BNP ≥ 500 pg/mL or NT-proBNP ≥ 1000 pg/mL