From: Impact of insulin therapy on the mortality of acute heart failure patients with diabetes mellitus
 | Original cohort | Weighted psueco-cohort | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OHA-only (N = 620) | Insulin-only (N = 682) |  | All insulin (N = 1120) |  | OHA-only (N = 426) | Insulin-only (N = 682) |  | OHA-only (N = 697) | All insulin (N = 1120) |  | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ASD | Mean (SD) | ASD | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ASD | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ASD | |
Age | 71.2 (11.1) | 67.3 (14.1) | − 0.281 | 68.5 (12.8) | − 0.211 | 69.9 (11.2) | 67.3 (14.1) | − 0.191 | 70.1 (10.8) | 68.5 (12.8) | − 0.121 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 (3.7) | 23.4 (3.9) | − 0.181 | 23.4 (3.8) | − 0.181 | 23.6 (3.8) | 23.4 (3.9) | − 0.03 | 23.4 (3.6) | 23.4 (3.8) | 0.01 |
SBP (mmHg) | 134.4 (28.4) | 130.0 (32.7) | − 0.141 | 132.2 (32.9) | − 0.07 | 135.0 (32.0) | 130.0 (32.7) | − 0.15 | 135.0 (32.0) | 132.2 (32.9) | − 0.09 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.5 (17.7) | 75.6 (19.6) | − 0.201 | 76.5 (19.3) | − 0.161 | 77.7 (18.8) | 75.6 (19.6) | − 0.11 | 77.7 (18.8) | 76.5 (19.3) | − 0.06 |
Heart rate (bpm) | 92.9 (25.5) | 94.1 (25.5) | 0.05 | 94.2 (25.4) | 0.05 | 92.0 (24.79) | 94.1 (25.5) | 0.08 | 92.0 (24.8) | 94.2 (25.4) | 0.08 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 184.2 (76.0) | 188.7 (109.1) | 0.04 | 202.2 (108.3) | 0.171 | 183.8 (83.7) | 188.7(109.1) | 0.05 | 183.8 (83.7) | 202.2 (108.3) | 0.05 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 137.3 (4.6) | 136.0 (5.4) | − 0.231 | 136.2 (5.3) | − 0.211 | 136.6 (4.9) | 136.0 (5.4) | − 0.11 | 136.6 (4.9) | 136.2 (5.3) | − 0.06 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.3 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.9) | 0.381 | 4.6 (0.9) | 0.361 | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.7 (0.9) | 0.05 | 4.6 (0.8) | 4.6 (0.9) | 0.10 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 24.7 (14.3) | 34.3 (21.1) | 0.461 | 32.6 (20.0) | 0.401 | 33.2 (20.3) | 34.3 (21.1) | 0.05 | 33.2 (20.3) | 32.6 (20.0) | 0.10 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.4 (1.0) | 2.1 (1.9) | 0.371 | 1.9 (1.7) | 0.311 | 2.0 (1.6) | 2.1 (1.9) | 0.05 | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.7) | 0.03 |
 | N (%) | N (%) | ASD | N (%) | ASD | N (%) | N (%) | ASD | N (%) | N (%) | ASD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female patients | 291 (46.9) | 310 (45.5) | − 0.03 | 512 (45.7) | − 0.03 | 182 (42.7) | 310 (45.5) | 0.06 | 301 (43.2) | 512 (45.7) | 0.05 |
Hypertension | 462 (74.5) | 436 (63.9) | − 0.221 | 746 (66.6) | − 0.171 | 309 (72.6) | 436 (63.9) | − 0.18 | 512 (73.5) | 746 (66.6) | − 0.151 |
IHD | 225 (36.3) | 247 (36.2) | 0.00 | 410 (36.6) | 0.01 | 153 (36.0) | 247 (36.2) | 0.01 | 263 (37.7) | 410 (36.6) | − 0.02 |
AF | 182 (29.4) | 177 (26.0) | − 0.08 | 254 (22.7) | − 0.161 | 120 (28.1) | 177 (26.0) | − 0.05 | 161 (23.1) | 254 (22.7) | − 0.01 |
COPD | 75 (12.1) | 77 (11.3) | − 0.03 | 119 (10.6) | − 0.05 | 62 (14.6) | 77 (11.3) | − 0.10 | 100 (14.3) | 119 (10.6) | − 0.12 |
CKD | 96 (15.5) | 182 (26.7) | 0.251 | 278 (24.8) | 0.221 | 132 (31.0) | 182 (26.7) | − 0.10 | 188 (27.0) | 278 (24.8) | − 0.05 |
CVA | 105 (16.9) | 122 (17.9) | 0.03 | 201 (18.0) | 0.03 | 72 (17.0) | 122 (17.9) | 0.02 | 121 (17.3) | 201 (18.0) | 0.02 |
BNP or NT-proBNP 2 (pg/mL) | 482 (77.7) | 551 (80.8) | 0.08 | 908 (81.1) | 0.09 | 344 (80.8) | 551 (80.8) | 0.00 | 565 (81.1) | 908 (81.1) | 0.00 |
NYHA class III–IV | 537 (86.6) | 620 (90.9) | 0.151 | 1,006 (89.8) | 0.111 | 388 (91.1) | 620 (90.9) | − 0.01 | 625 (89.6) | 1006 (89.8) | 0.01 |
LVEF (%) | 36.4 (15.2) | 36.7 (14.6) | 0.02 | 36.6 (14.6) | 0.02 | 36.2 (14.5) | 36.7 (14.6) | 0.03 | 36.2 (14.5) | 36.6 (14.6) | − 0.01 |
Management at admission | |||||||||||
 Diuretics, IV | 542 (87.4) | 616 (90.3) | 0.10 | 1013 (90.5) | 0.10 | 381 (89.4) | 616 (90.3) | 0.03 | 619 (88.8) | 1,013 (90.5) | 0.06 |
 Inotropes, IV | 163 (26.3) | 417 (61.1) | 0.721 | 641 (57.2) | 0.631 | 223 (52.3) | 417 (61.1) | 0.181 | 353 (50.6) | 641 (57.2) | 0.141 |
 Vasodilators, IV | 274 (44.2) | 427 (62.6) | 0.381 | 703 (62.8) | 0.381 | 226 (53.0) | 427 (62.6) | 0.201 | 385 (55.2) | 703 (62.8) | 0.161 |
Management at discharge | |||||||||||
 ACEIs/ARBs | 461 (74.4) | 332 (48.7) | − 0.511 | 621 (55.5) | − 0.381 | 247 (57.9) | 332 (48.7) | − 0.191 | 430 (61.7) | 621 (55.5) | − 0.13 |
 Beta-blockers | 338 (54.5) | 281 (41.2) | − 0.271 | 537 (48.0) | − 0.131 | 190 (44.6) | 281 (41.2) | − 0.07 | 340 (48.9) | 537 (48.0) | − 0.02 |
 MRAs | 295 (47.6) | 245 (35.9) | − 0.241 | 443 (39.6) | − 0.161 | 160 (37.5) | 245 (35.9) | − 0.03 | 274 (39.3) | 443 (39.6) | 0.01 |
 Warfarin | 172 (27.7) | 183 (26.8) | − 0.02 | 264 (23.6) | − 0.10 | 115 (26.9) | 183 (26.8) | 0.00 | 175 (25.1) | 264 (23.6) | − 0.04 |