Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort

Sex, male (%)

36 (69.2)

68 (69.4)

36 (61.0)

Age, years

55.5 ± 6.8

57.0 (52.0, 64.0)

60.7 ± 11.9*†

Height, cm

160.9 ± 6.7

166.5 (158.0, 170.3)*

164.0 (158.0, 169.0)

Weight, kg

57.5 (53.0, 63.0)

65.8 ± 10.5*

66.1 ± 9.8*

BMI, kg/m²

22.5 (20.5, 24.5)

24.2 ± 2.8*

24.7 (23.0, 26.7)*

SBP, mmHg

119.2 ± 5.3

126.5 (116.0, 135.3)*

120.0 (110.0, 138.0)

DBP, mmHg

80.0 (75.0, 83.0)

79.8 ± 12.5

77.7 ± 18.3

Rest heart rate, bmp

74.2 ± 9.9

77.5 ± 112.5

74.8 (67.4, 83.4)

Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l

–

8.8 (6.8, 11.1)

8.0 (7.0, 10.0)

HbA1c, %

–

7.6 (6.7, 8.5)

8.2 ± 1.5

Months with diabetes, months

–

7.0 (4.0, 11.0)

12.5 ± 5.4†

Blood lipids

 TC, mmol/l

–

4.30 (3.5, 5.1)

4.1 (3.2, 4.7)

 TG, mmol/l

–

1.4 (1.0, 2.1)

1.6 (1.1, 2.3)

 HDL, mmol/l

–

1.1 (0.9, 1.4)

1.1 ± 0.4

 LDL, mmol/l

–

2.3 (1.8, 3.0)

2.3 (1.5, 2.8)

 T2DM with mild regurgitation, n (%)

–

–

21 (35.6)

 T2DM with moderate regurgitation, n (%)

–

–

19 (32.2)

 T2DM with severe regurgitation, n (%)

–

–

19 (32.2)

Antidiabetic drugs, n (%)

 Biguanides

–

51 (52.0)

29 (49.2)

 Sulfonylureas

–

6 (6.1)

9 (15.3)

 α-Glucosidase inhibitor

–

23 (23.5)

15 (25.4)

 GLP-1/DPP-4 inhibitor

–

9 (9.2)

9 (15.3)

 SGLT2 inhibitor

–

12 (12.2)

5 (8.5)

 Insulin

–

35 (25.7)

22 (37.3)

eGFR, ml/min/1.732 m²

–

79.2 ± 30.4

73.7 ± 26.2