Table 1 Baseline patients’ characteristics (N = 27,246)
| Â | FGCV | p value | HVS | p value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (0.34–11.69) | Q2 (11.70–17.59) | Q3 (17.60–26.19) | Q4 (26.20–188.12) | Q1 (1.37–18.17) | Q2 (18.18–33.99) | Q3 (34.00–51.10) | Q4 (51.11–100.00) | |||
N | 6726 (24.69) | 7099 (26.06) | 6641 (24.37) | 6780 (24.88) | Â | 6778 (24.88) | 7855 (28.83) | 6396 (23.48) | 6217 (22.82) | Â |
Age (year) | 66.49 (9.38) | 66.45 (9.51) | 66.67 (9.75) | 67.08 (10.14) | < 0.001 | 66.59 (9.27) | 66.76 (9.63) | 66.73 (9.95) | 66.58 (9.97) | 0.598 |
Male | 3576 (53.17) | 3808 (53.64) | 3446 (51.89) | 3672 (54.16) | 0.054 | 3457 (51.00) | 4167 (53.05) | 3432 (53.66) | 3446 (55.43) | < 0.001 |
Baseline BMI (kg/m2) | 25.70 (4.00) | 25.82 (3.94) | 25.87 (4.47) | 25.52 (4.37) | < 0.001 | 25.57 (3.90) | 25.78 (4.04) | 25.92 (4.57) | 25.63 (4.29) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 1188 (17.66) | 1014 (14.28) | 795 (11.97) | 689 (10.16) | < 0.001 | 1114 (16.44) | 1129 (14.37) | 779 (12.18) | 664 (10.68) | < 0.001 |
COPD | 102 (1.52) | 83 (1.17) | 70 (1.05) | 88 (1.30) | 0.094 | 85 (1.25) | 101 (1.29) | 81 (1.27) | 76 (1.22) | 0.990 |
CAD | 498 (7.40) | 439 (6.18) | 396 (5.96) | 352 (5.19) | < 0.001 | 413 (6.09) | 506 (6.44) | 382 (5.97) | 384 (6.18) | 0.685 |
PAOD | 51 (0.76) | 41 (0.58) | 61 (0.92) | 72 (1.06) | 0.011 | 47 (0.69) | 74 (0.94) | 57 (0.89) | 47 (0.76) | 0.327 |
History of TIA/stroke | 52 (0.77) | 52 (0.73) | 68 (1.02) | 62 (0.91) | 0.232 | 47 (0.69) | 62 (0.79) | 71 (1.11) | 54 (0.87) | 0.061 |
Baseline FPG (mg/dL) | 127.75 (25.14) | 136.41 (32.37) | 146.04 (45.97) | 165.60 (86.89) | < 0.001 | 128.06 (30.78) | 138.59 (43.06) | 149.87 (61.03) | 161.69 (73.27) | < 0.001 |
Baseline HbA1c (%) | 6.94 (1.06) | 7.22 (1.16) | 7.64 (1.46) | 8.21 (1.83) | < 0.001 | 6.83 (0.95) | 7.30 (1.26) | 7.71 (1.47) | 8.24 (1.82) | < 0.001 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 77.85 (28.76) | 75.73 (28.92) | 72.52 (31.89) | 64.96 (34.48) | < 0.001 | 74.42 (28.04) | 73.54 (30.63) | 71.44 (32.36) | 71.36 (34.87) | < 0.001 |
CHA2DS2-VASc score | 2.49 (1.10) | 2.44 (1.09) | 2.46 (1.12) | 2.45 (1.13) | 0.042 | 2.49 (1.09) | 2.48 (1.11) | 2.45 (1.14) | 2.40 (1.11) | < 0.001 |
Echocardiography | ||||||||||
 LA size (cm) | 3.89 (0.67) | 3.91 (0.65) | 3.90 (0.65) | 3.93 (0.68) | 0.139 | 3.91 (0.63) | 3.92 (0.66) | 3.91 (0.66) | 3.90 (0.69) | 0.733 |
 DT (s) | 0.22(0.07) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.07) | < 0.001 | 0.23 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.06) | 0.22 (0.07) | 0.22 (0.07) | < 0.001 |
 E (mm/s) | 77.62 (24.73) | 78.97(25.02) | 80.50 (26.83) | 84.70 (29.17) | < 0.001 | 78.69 (24.39) | 80.51 (26.24) | 81.22 (27.69) | 82.42 (28.55) | < 0.001 |
 A (mm/s) | 95.13 (22.88) | 97.18 (23.29) | 98.73 (24.30) | 100.54 (26.25) | < 0.001 | 97.40 (22.60) | 97.64 (24.94) | 98.36 (24.13) | 98.93 (25.69) | 0.174 |
 E/A | 0.84 (0.39) | 0.91 (3.30) | 0.84 (0.49) | 0.94 (3.12) | 0.360 | 0.82 (0.37) | 0.85 (0.56) | 0.98 (4.52) | 0.88 (1.04) | 0.157 |
 E/Eʹ | 26.72 (173.99) | 17.17 (68.09) | 18.21 (80.74) | 22.49 (120.79) | 0.675 | 30.50 (175.67) | 15.26 (52.97) | 24.00 (129.85) | 19.58 (109.46) | 0.369 |
 LVEF (%) | 66.21 (11.09) | 65.72 (11.48) | 64.97 (11.84) | 63.02 (13.09) | < 0.001 | 66.97 (10.74) | 65.39 (11.67) | 63.99 (12.49) | 63.21 (12.49) | < 0.001 |
 LVIDs (cm) | 2.99 (0.66) | 3.01 (0.67) | 3.03 (0.66) | 3.09 (0.74) | < 0.001 | 2.96 (0.62) | 3.03 (0.67) | 3.07 (0.71) | 3.08 (0.73) | < 0.001 |
 LVIDd (cm) | 4.76 (0.60) | 4.78 (0.59) | 4.78 (0.59) | 4.77 (0.65) | 0.825 | 4.78 (0.56) | 4.78 (0.60) | 4.78 (0.62) | 4.75 (0.65) | 0.304 |
 LV mass (gm) | 199.69 (59.25) | 201.15(59.57) | 204.25 (57.80) | 208.61 (64.07) | < 0.001 | 200.24 (57.41) | 201.81 (57.87) | 206.87 (62.90) | 206.12 (63.46) | < 0.001 |
 TR Vmax (cm/s) | 252.82 (46.28) | 252.82(46.37) | 252.85 (48.64) | 257.39 (52.05) | < 0.001 | 255.17 (44.75) | 253.30 (47.15) | 253.27 (49.34) | 255.24 (52.92) | 0.317 |
Medication | ||||||||||
 Antiplatelet | 2706 (40.23) | 3098 (43.64) | 3028 (45.60) | 3236 (47.73) | < 0.001 | 2724 (40.19) | 3457 (44.01) | 3022 (47.25) | 2865 (46.08) | < 0.001 |
 Anticoagulant | 351 (5.22) | 359 (5.06) | 390 (5.87) | 471 (6.95) | < 0.001 | 339 (5.00) | 447 (5.69) | 396 (6.19) | 389 (6.26) | 0.006 |
 CCB | 3510 (52.19) | 3937 (55.46) | 3856 (58.06) | 4153 (61.25) |  < 0.001 | 3699 (54.57) | 4435 (56.46) | 3774 (59.01) | 3548 (57.07) | < 0.001 |
 Beta-blocker | 2541 (37.78) | 2760 (38.88) | 2697 (40.61) | 2983 (44.00) | < 0.001 | 2610 (38.51) | 3154 (40.15) | 2678 (41.87) | 2539 (40.84) | 0.001 |
 ACEI/ARB | 3956 (58.82) | 4528 (63.78) | 4364 (65.71) | 4466 (65.87) | < 0.001 | 4280 (63.15) | 5049 (64.28) | 4144 (64.79) | 3841 (61.78) | 0.002 |
 Diuretics | 1673 (24.87) | 1975 (27.82) | 2246 (33.82) | 3078 (45.40) | < 0.001 | 1751 (25.83) | 2451 (31.20) | 2356 (36.84) | 2414 (38.83) | < 0.001 |
 Statin | 3820 (56.79) | 4210 (59.30) | 3995 (60.16) | 3888 (57.35) | < 0.001 | 4096 (60.43) | 4676 (59.53) | 3777 (59.05) | 3364 (54.11) | < 0.001 |
 Propafenone | 165 (2.45) | 171 (2.41) | 163 (2.45) | 146 (2.15) | 0.609 | 186 (2.74) | 199 (2.53) | 145 (2.27) | 115 (1.85) | 0.006 |
 Amiodarone | 327 (4.86) | 386 (5.44) | 463 (6.97) | 704 (10.38) | < 0.001 | 348 (5.13) | 494 (6.29) | 490 (7.66) | 548 (8.81) | < 0.001 |
 Insulin | 946 (14.06) | 1446 (20.37) | 2458 (37.01) | 4257 (62.79) | < 0.001 | 1049 (15.48) | 2263 (28.81) | 2700 (42.21) | 3095 (49.78) | < 0.001 |
 Metformin | 5406 (80.37) | 6081 (85.66) | 5532 (83.30) | 4994 (73.66) | < 0.001 | 5698 (84.07) | 6477 (82.46) | 5134 (80.27) | 4704 (75.66) | < 0.001 |
 SGLT-2 inhibitor | 808 (12.01) | 1370 (19.30) | 1461 (22.00) | 1147 (16.92) | < 0.001 | 858 (12.66) | 1450 (18.46) | 1326 (20.73) | 1152 (18.53) | < 0.001 |
 DPP4 inhibitor | 2908 (43.24) | 4225 (59.52) | 4437 (66.81) | 4758 (70.18) | < 0.001 | 3172 (46.80) | 4710 (59.96) | 4310 (67.39) | 4136 (66.53) | < 0.001 |
 Sulphonylurea | 2395 (35.61) | 4416 (62.21) | 4824 (72.64) | 4684 (69.09) | < 0.001 | 3174 (46.83) | 4779 (60.84) | 4236(66.23) | 4130 (66.43) | < 0.001 |
 Novonorm | 354 (5.26) | 664 (9.35) | 876 (13.19) | 1307 (19.28) | < 0.001 | 513 (7.57) | 857 (10.91) | 867 (13.56) | 964 (15.51) | < 0.001 |
 Acarbose | 703 (10.45) | 1119 (15.76) | 1378 (20.75) | 1678 (24.75) | < 0.001 | 863 (12.73) | 1375 (17.50) | 1367 (21.37) | 1273 (20.48) | < 0.001 |
 TZD | 619 (9.20) | 1303 (18.35) | 1670 (25.15) | 1722 (25.40) | < 0.001 | 992 (14.64) | 1494 (19.02) | 1433 (22.40) | 1395 (22.44) | < 0.001 |
 GLP-1 agonist | 37 (0.55) | 132 (1.86) | 261(3.93) | 331 (4.88) | < 0.001 | 90 (1.33) | 175 (2.23) | 252 (3.94) | 244 (3.92) | < 0.001 |