Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants at baseline according to the incidence of heart failure hospitalization or death and the stage of albuminuria

n (%)

4345 (93.1)

323 (6.9)

3212 (68.8)

112 (2.4)

1133 (24.3)

211 (4.5)

Sex women (%)

49.7

44.9

52.6

55.4

41.6

39.3

Age (years)

36.6 (27.8–46.6)

48.9 (41.0–56.6)***

35.6 (26.5–45.4)

53.3 (43.7–60.9)***

39.3 (31.4–48.7)

47.5 (40.3–53.4)***

Age at onset of diabetes (years)

14.8 (9.5–24.5)

14.7 (9.5–25.4)

16.7 (10.6–26.1)

20.2 (12.0–32.1)**

11.4 (7.3–17.4)

13.0 (8.3–20.8)*

Duration of diabetes (years)

19.0 (10.4–28.4)

31.4 (24.1–38.1)***

16.0 (8.3–26.7)

29.7 (18.3–39.2)***

26.0 (19.5–33.4)

32.1 (26.2–37.0)***

Height (cm)

171.5  ±  9.3

168.9  ±  9.5***

171.4  ±  9.3

166.8  ±  9.5***

170.8  ±  9.3

170.0  ±  9.3

Weight (kg)

74.1  ±  13.5

75.9  ±  15.7*

73.6  ±  13.1

71.3  ±  13.1

75.5 ±  14.3

78.4  ±  16.4*

BMI (kg/m²)

24.8 (22.7–27.1)

25.8 (23.4–29.1)***

24.6 (22.5–26.8)

25.1 (22.9–27.9)

25.4 (23.1–28.0)

26.6 (23.8–29.9)**

WHR

0.86  ±  0.08

0.91  ±  0.09***

0.85  ±  0.08

0.87  ±  0.08*

0.89  ±  0.08

0.93  ±  0.09***

WHtR

0.49 (0.46–0.55)

0.54 (0.49–0.59)***

0.48 (0.45–0.53)

0.51 (0.47–0.56)***

0.51 (0.47–0.56)

0.55 (0.50–0.61)***

Waist (cm)

85.6 (77.0–93.0)

90.0 (81.0–100.0)***

83.0 (76.5–91.0)

87.0 (78.0–93.0)*

88.0 (80.0–96.5)

93.0 (84.0–104.0)***

VAI

1.14 (0.78–1.79)

1.66 (1.05–2.79)***

1.06 (0.74–1.60)

1.31 (0.93–1.96)***

1.46 (0.94–2.48)

1.85 (1.20–3.05)***

HbA_1c (%)

8.33  ±  1.45

9.01  ±  1.61***

8.16  ±  1.41

8.39  ±  1.37

8.79  ±  1.47

9.33  ±  1.63***

hs-CRP (mg/L)

1.78 (1.01–3.63)

2.72 (1.54–5.48)***

1.65 (0.95–3.36)

2.31 (1.15–3.66)**

2.21 (1.23–4.36)

2.91 (1.77–6.36)***

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

130 (120–142)

143 (130–158)

128 (119–139)

136 (125–151)***

138 (126–152)

148 (135–160)***

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

80 (72–85)

80 (73–88)

79 (71–85)

77 (71–86)

81 (75–88)

81 (76–89)

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.80 (4.21–5.41)

5.11 (4.51–5.85)***

4.71 (4.15–5.30)

4.86 (4.25–5.57)**

5.05 (4.40–5.69)

5.26 (4.66–5.94)**

HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.33 (1.10–1.60)

1.22 (0.98–1.52)***

1.36 (1.13–1.63)

1.24 (1.03–1.58)*

1.25 (1.01–1.51)

1.19 (0.92–1.47)*

LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.93 (2.42–3.54)

3.26 (2.61–3.78)***

2.86 (2.39–3.43)

2.97 (2.50–3.66)

3.20 (2.58–3.78)

3.32 (2.79–3.91)*

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

0.99 (0.75–1.41)

1.25 (0.92–1.88)***

0.94 (0.72–1.29)

1.04 (0.79–1.44)**

1.20 (0.88–1.78)

1.37 (1.07–2.09)***

Smoking history (yes)

44.8

56.7***

41.3

48.1

55.0

61.2

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

91.4  ±  25.6

63.0  ±  27.6***

97.6  ±  19.8

78.7  ±  20.0***

73.8  ±  31.5

54.6  ±  27.5***

eGDR (mg/kg/min)

6.70  ±  2.43

4.37  ±  2.11***

7.41  ±  2.19

5.77  ±  2.02***

4.68  ±  1.89

3.61  ±  1.74***

Daily insulin (IU/kg body weight)

0.67 (0.52–0.83)

0.62 (0.49–0.77)*

0.66 (0.52–0.83)

0.59 (0.45–0.75)*

0.67 (0.53–0.84)

0.65 (0.53–0.78)

Antihypertensive medication (%)

32.2

78.1***

14.9

57.1***

81.1

89.4**

 ACEi only (%)

12.8

15.2

5.7

8.9

33.2

18.5***

 ARB only (%)

2.4

2.2

1.3

2.7

5.5

1.9*

 Beta-blocker only (%)

1.9

5.0**

1.9

12.5***

2.0

1.0

 Calcium channel blocker only (%)

0.4

2.5***

0.2

4.5***

1.0

1.4

 Diuretic only (%)

0.1

1.6***

0

3.6

0.4

0.5

 ACE plus other AHM (%)

9.6

32.5***

3.6

14.3***

26.6

42.2***

 ARB plus other AHM (%)

3.8

11.8***

1.9

4.5

9.1

15.6*

 Beta-blocker plus AHM (%)

6.7

34.1***

2.6

17.9***

18.6

42.7***

Lipid-lowering medication (%)

11.4

31.9***

8.3

23.2***

20.1

36.5***

 Antidepressant medication (%)*

7.0

13.6***

6.6

15.2**

8.1

12.8*