Pioglitazone use associated with reduced risk of the first attack of ischemic stroke in patients with newly onset type 2 diabetes: a nationwide nested case–control study

Table 2 Reduced ischemic stroke risk associated with pioglitazone use in diabetes mellitus patients

	Cases (n = 4,796)	Controls (n = 23,980)	Crude OR (95% Cl)	p-value	AOR (95% Cl)*	p-value
	n (%)	n (%)	Crude OR (95% Cl)	p-value	AOR (95% Cl)*	p-value
Pioglitazone use
Never user	4550 (94.9)	22,467 (93.7)	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Users	246 (5.1)	1513 (6.3)	0.79 (0.67–0.92)	0.002	0.69 (0.59–0.80)	< 0.0001
Cumulative dose of use
Never user	4550 (94.9)	22,467 (93.7)	1 (reference)		1 (reference)
Ever-user
Q1 (< 171.5 cDDDs)	85 (1.8)	356 (1.5)	1.17 (0.89–1.53)	0.253	0.99 (0.74–1.32)	0.938
Q2 (171.5–324 cDDDs)	68 (1.4)	371 (1.5)	0.90 (0.67–1.20)	0.469	0.77 (0.56–1.06)	0.103
Q3 (325–576 cDDDs)	50 (1.0)	390 (1.6)	0.63 (0.46–0.87)	0.005	0.50 (0.36–0.70)	< 0.001
Q4 (≥ 577 cDDDs)	43 (0.9)	396 (1.7)	0.50 (0.36–0.71)	< 0.001	0.48 (0.33–0.69)	< 0.001

AOR adjusted odds ratio, cDDDs cumulative defined daily doses, CI confidence interval, Q quartile
^*Analysis was adjusted for the following covariates: hypertension, ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia, Charlson Comorbidity Index, Diabetes Complications Severity Index, depression, statin use, aspirin use, antiplatelet use, anticoagulant use, antihypertensive drug use, antiarrhythmic drug use, use of antidiabetic medications, fasting blood glucose levels, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol levels, creatinine levels, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity

ISSN: 1475-2840