Prescribing sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors for type 2 diabetes in primary care: influence of renal function and heart failure diagnosis

Table 4 Prescribing of SGLT-2is in type 2 diabetes; multilevel logistic regression model (clustered at the practice level)

Characteristic	OR	95% CI	p-value
Age (years)	0.98	0.975–0.979	< 0.001
Gender
Female	1.00 [Reference]
Male	1.13	1.083–1.185	< 0.001
Ethnicity
White	1.00 [Reference]
Asian	0.88	0.806–0.954	0.002
Black	0.60	0.522–0.683	< 0.001
Mixed	0.66	0.521–0.843	< 0.001
Other	0.75	0.597–0.939	0.012
IMD Quintile
1 (most deprived)	0.95	0.871–1.044	0.300
2	0.99	0.907–1.071	0.737
3	1.00	0.922–1.079	0.953
4	1.01	0.937–1.088	0.795
5 (least deprived)	1.00 [Reference]
BMI category (kg/m²)^a
Underweight	0.21	0.083–0.549	0.001
Normal	1.00 [Reference]
Overweight	2.05	1.841–2.274	< 0.001
Obese	3.84	3.472–4.250	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m²)
< 45	0.03	0.011–0.080	< 0.001
45–59	0.18	0.145–0.224	< 0.001
≥ 60	1.00 [Reference]
Comorbidities
Heart failure	0.81	0.653–0.998	0.048
CVD	0.69	0.636–0.739	< 0.001
Other covariates
Systolic BP (mmHg)	1.00	0.996–0.999	0.001
HbA1c (mmol/mol)	1.03	1.029–1.031	< 0.001
Diuretic	0.74	0.682–0.804	< 0.001

OR odds ratio, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, CVD cardiovascular disease, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, IMD Index of Multiple Deprivation
^aBMI categories closest to first SGLT-2- prescription: underweight, < 18.5 kg/m²; normal, 18.5–24.9 kg/m²; overweight, 25.0–29.9 kg/m²; obese, ≥ 30 kg/m²

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