Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the patients according to insulin treatment
|  | All patients (N = 2418) | Insulin-treated (N = 829) | Not insulin-treated (N = 1589) | Treated vs. not treated P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
 Age, years, mean (SD) | 61.3 (9.5) | 61.0 (9.4) | 61.4 (9.6) | 0.36 |
 Female, n (%) | 618 (25.6) | 239 (28.8) | 379 (23.9) | 0.008 |
 Non-White Race, n (%) | 299 (12.4) | 140 (16.9) | 159 (10.0) | < 0.0001 |
Medical history | ||||
 Duration of diabetes, years, mean (SD) | 8.5 (7.6) | 12.6 (8.0) | 6.4 (6.5) | < 0.0001 |
 Prior MI, PCI, or CABG; n (%) | 865 (35.8) | 331 (39.9) | 534 (33.6) | 0.002 |
 Heart failure; n (%) | 348 (14.4) | 141 (25.0) | 207 (13.0) | 0.01 |
Index ACS, n (%) | ||||
 STEMI | 932 (52.7) | 313 (37.8) | 619 (39.0) | 0.24 |
 Non-STEMI | 836 (47.3) | 304 (36.7) | 532 (33.5) | 0.24 |
 Unstable angina | 625 (26.0) | 200 (24.1) | 425 (26.7) | 0.19 |
 Revascularization for index ACS | 1922 (79.5) | 667 (80.5) | 1255 (79.0) | 0.42 |
Biometrics, mean (SD) | ||||
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.3 (4.9) | 30.2 (4.9) | 30.3 (4.9) | 0.66 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129 (15) | 130 (16) | 129 (14) | 0.24 |
Cardiovascular and diabetes medications, n (%) | ||||
 High-intensity statin | 2195 (90.2) | 770 (92.9) | 1425 (89.7) | 0.01 |
 ACE-inhibitor or ARB | 2229 (92.2) | 770 (92.9) | 1459 (91.8) | 0.40 |
 Dual anti-platelet therapy | 2122 (87.8) | 735 (88.7) | 1387 (87.3) | 0.36 |
 Metformin | 1998 (82.6) | 604 (72.9) | 1394 (87.7) | < 0.0001 |
 Sulfonylurea | 707 (29.2) | 177 (21.4) | 530 (33.4) | < 0.0001 |
 SGLT2 inhibitor | 298 (12.3) | 137 (16.5) | 161 (10.1) | < 0.0001 |
 GLP-1 receptor agonist | 86 (3.6) | 51 (6.2) | 35 (2.2) | < 0.0001 |
Clinical chemistry, median (Q1–Q3) | ||||
 Estimated GFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 98.3 (76.2–126.2) | 95.7 (73.8–127.9) | 99.7 (77.3–125.5) | 0.23 |
 Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 7.5 (6.1–9.7) | 8.7 (6.8–11.4) | 7.0 (5.9–9.0) | < 0.0001 |
 Hemoglobin A1c, % | 7.3 (6.4–8.7) | 8.4 (7.5–9.6) | 6.9 (6.2–7.8) | < 0.0001 |
 LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 1.7 (1.3–2.2) | 0.62 |