| HbA1c (%) β, OR or GMR (95%-CI) | Fasting glucose (mmol/l) β, OR or GMR (95%-CI) | 2-h postload glucose (mmol/l) β, OR or GMR (95%-CI) | Sex difference β, WM-OR or WM-GMR (95% CI) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | HbA1c | Fasting glucose | 2-h postload glucose | |
Nephropathy* n = 2737 (Yes vs. no) | 1.37 (1.05;1.79) | 1.39 (1.18;1.64) | 1.12 (0.96;1.32) | 1.15 (1.06;1.25) | 1.04 (0.98;1.11) | 1.03 (0.99;1.08) | 0.99 (0.72;1.35) | 0.97 (0.82;1.16) | 1.01 (0.94;1.09) |
Albuminuria (mg/24 h)†n = 2566 | 1.12 (1.03;1.22) | 1.20 (1.14;1.27) | 1.06 (1.01;1.11) | 1.10 (1.07;1.13) | 1.01 (0.99;1.02) | 1.02 (1.01;1.03) | 0.93 (0.84;1.03) | 0.96 (0.91;1.02) | 0.99 (0.97;1.01) |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73m2) n = 2713 | − 0.10 (− 1.22;1.02) | 0.14 (− 0.65;0.92) | 0.66 (0.01;1.31) | 0.39 (− 0.02;0.80) | 0.17 (− 0.04;0.39) | 0.13 (− 0.04;0.31) | − 0.24 (− 1.60;1.13) | 0.27 (− 0.50;1.03) | 0.04 (− 0.24;0.32) |
Sensory neuropathy* n = 2729 (Yes vs. no) | 1.31 (1.04;1.63) | 1.41 (1.21;1.64) | 1.05 (0.93;1.19) | 1.12 (1.03;1.21) | 1.01 (0.96;1.06) | 1.08 (1.04;1.13) | 0.93 (0.71;1.22) | 0.94 (0.81;1.09) | 0.93 •• (0.88;0.99) |
Neuropathic pain* n = 2692 (Yes vs. no) | 1.32 (1.03;1.69) | 1.39 (1.16;1.66) | 1.08 (0.94;1.23) | 1.11 (1.01;1.22) | 0.99 (0.93;1.05) | 1.09 (1.04;1.15) | 0.95 (0.70;1.29) | 0.97 (0.82;1.14) | 0.90 •• (0.84;0.98) |
Impaired vibration perception* n = 2384 Unilateral vs. no impaired vibration perception | 1.04 (0.64;1.69) | 1.16 (0.91;1.48) | 0.95 (0.71;1.26) | 1.06 (0.94;1.20) | 1.05 (0.96;1.14) | 1.04 (0.98;1.10) | 0.89 (0.52;1.54) | 0.89 (0.65;1.22) | 1.01 (0.91;1.11) |
Bilateral vs. no impaired vibration perception | 1.84 (1.27;2.65) | 1.42 (1.13;1.79) | 1.32 (1.06;1.65) | 1.12 (1.00;1.26) | 1.05 (0.94;1.17) | 1.10 (1.03;1.17) | 1.29 (0.84;1.99) | 1.18 (0.92;1.52) | 0.95 (0.84;1.08) |
Mean neurothesiometer outcome on the right and left first toe (Volt) †n = 2392 | 1.07 (1.03;1.12) | 1.08 (1.05;1.12) | 1.02 (0.99;1.04) | 1.03 (1.02;1.05) | 1.00 (1.00;1.01) | 1.01 (1.00;1.02) | 0.99 (0.94;1.04) | 0.98 (0.96;1.01) | 1.00 (0.99;1.01) |
Central retinal arteriolar equivalent (µm) n = 2394 | − 0.15 (− 1.94;1.64) | 1.51 (0.20;2.82) | − 0.28 (− 1.32;0.75) | 0.31 (− 0.36;0.99) | − 0.23 (− 0.59;0.13) | 0.32 (0.02;0.63) | − 1.66 (− 3.88;0.56) | − 0.59 (− 1.83;0.64) | − 0.55 •• (− 1.02;− 0.08) |
Central retinal venular equivalent (µm) n = 2394 | 1.41 (− 1.42;4.24) | 1.24 (− 0.83;3.31) | 0.39 (− 1.24;2.03) | − 0.23 (− 1.30;0.84) | − 0.28 (− 0.85;0.29) | 0.12 (− 0.36;0.60) | 0.17 (− 3.34;3.68) | 0.63 (− 1.33;2.58) | − 0.40 (− 1.14;0.35) |
Retinal arteriolar dilatation (%) n = 1878 | − 0.35 (− 0.63;− 0.07) | − 0.41 (− 0.62;− 0.20) | − 0.25 (− 0.40;− 0.09) | − 0.17 (− 0.28;− 0.07) | 0.00 (− 0.06;0.06) | − 0.05 (− 0.10;0.00) | 0.07 (− 0.28;0.42) | − 0.08 (− 0.26;0.11) | 0.05 (− 0.02;0.13) |
Retinal venular dilatation (%) n = 1908 | − 0.02 (− 0.25;0.21) | − 0.11 (− 0.29;0.06) | 0.00 (− 0.13;0.12) | − 0.06 (− 0.14;0.03) | 0.03 (− 0.02;0.08) | 0.00 (− 0.04;0.04) | 0.09 (− 0.19;0.38) | 0.05 (− 0.10;0.20) | 0.03 (− 0.03;0.09) |