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Table 1 Study population characteristics according to sex and glucose metabolism status

From: Sex differences in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with microvascular complications and function: The Maastricht Study

 

Women

Men

NGM n = 1103

Prediabetes n = 236

Type 2 diabetes n = 315

NGM n = 821

Prediabetes n = 275

Type 2 diabetes n = 660

Demographics

Age (years)

57.3 ± 8.0

60.9 ± 7.9

62.0 ± 8.1

58.7 ± 8.4

62.1 ± 7.2

63.0 ± 7.5

Educational level

  Low, N (%)

338 (31.2)

91 (39.9)

181 (59.0)

168 (20.7)

84 (31.1)

258 (40.5)

  Middle, N (%)

295 (27.2)

69 (30.3)

77 (25.1)

236 (29.1)

79 (29.3)

185 (29.0)

  High, N (%)

451 (41.6)

68 (29.8)

49 (16.0)

408 (50.2)

107 (39.6)

194 (30.5)

Postmenopausal women, N (%)

810 (75.6)

186 (83.0)

265 (87.5)

NA

NA

NA

 Hormone replacement therapy, N (%)

27 (2.5)

3 (1.3)

5 (1.6)

NA

NA

NA

Clinical characteristics

 Fasting glucose (mmol/l)

5.1 [4.8–5.4]

5.7 [5.3–6.2]

7.3 [6.4–8.1]

5.3 [5.0–5.6]

6.1 [5.7–6.4]

7.6 [6.9–8.8]

 2-h postload glucose (mmol/l)a

5.4 [4.6–6.2]

8.7 [7.9–9.5]

14.4 [11.8–17.5]

5.4 [4.5–6.2]

8.1 [6.4–9.2]

14.4 [11.9–16.8]

 HbA1c (%)

5.5 ± 0.3

5.7 ± 0.4

6.8 ± 1.0

5.4 ± 0.3

5.7 ± 0.4

7.0 ± 1.1

 HbA1c (mmol/mol)

36.1 ± 3.7

38.8 ± 4.2

51.0 ± 11.2

36.0 ± 3.7

38.8 ± 4.7

52.7 ± 11.8

 Fasting insulin (pmol/l)

50.1 [36.4–68.6]

71.9 [46.9–106.3]

87.5 [55.8–141.6]

57.8 [41.7–81.0]

72.5 [53.3–113.8]

83.9 [49.4–130.0]

 Glucose-lowering medication, N (%)

NA

NA

237 (75.2)

NA

NA

529 (80.2)

 Diabetes duration (years)

NA

NA

4.0 [1.0;9.0]

NA

NA

5.0 [2.0;12.0]

Cardiovascular risk factors

 History of CVD, N (%)

130 (12.0)

29 (12.4)

67 (22.0)

94 (11.5)

42 (15.4)

199 (31.1)

 BMI (kg/m2)

25.1 ± 3.8

27.5 ± 4.7

30.4 ± 5.7

26.2 ± 3.2

28.0 ± 3.7

29.6 ± 4.6

 Waist circumference (cm)

86.1 ± 10.2

93.2 ± 12.5

101.7 ± 14.4

96.3 ± 9.5

102.3 ± 10.5

107.8 ± 12.6

 Office SBP (mmHg)

126.6 ± 16.9

134.2 ± 16.6

139.1 ± 17.6

136.1 ± 16.2

140.1 ± 16.9

144.0 ± 18.1

 Office DBP (mmHg)

73.0 ± 9.5

75.7 ± 9.1

75.4 ± 9.0

78.2 ± 9.6

80.0 ± 9.5

78.1 ± 9.8

 Antihypertensive medication use, N (%)

209 (18.9)

100 (42.4)

224 (71.1)

220 (26.8)

134 (48.7)

482 (73.0)

 Total/HDL cholesterol ratio

3.3 ± 1.0

3.7 ± 1.2

3.5 ± 1.1

4.0 ± 1.3

4.0 ± 1.2

3.8 ± 1.1

 Triglycerides (mmol/l)

1.02 [0.77–1.36]

1.34 [1.02–1.82]

1.54 [1.11–2.12]

1.13 [0.85–1.57]

1.35 [1.01–1.84]

1.53 [1.13–2.14]

 Lipid-modifying medication use, N (%)

145 (13.1)

67 (28.4)

229 (72.7)

181 (22.0)

110 (40.0)

499 (75.6)

Smoking

  Never, N (%)

434 (39.8)

81 (34.8)

115 (37.6)

310 (37.9)

68 (25.0)

154 (24.0)

  Former, N (%)

523 (47.9)

121 (51.9)

142 (46.4)

396 (48.5)

171 (62.9)

385 (60.0)

  Current, N (%)

134 (12.3)

31 (13.3)

49 (16.0)

111 (13.6)

33 (12.1)

103 (16.0)

Alcohol use

  None, N (%)

192 (17.6)

56 (23.9)

154 (50.2)

70 (8.6)

24 (8.8)

135 (21.0)

  Low, N (%)

568 (52.1)

105 (44.9)

109 (35.5)

550 (67.3)

165 (60.7)

369 (57.4)

  High, N (%)

330 (30.3)

73 (31.2)

44 (14.3)

197 (24.1)

83 (30.5)

139 (21.6)

Physical activity

  Total self-reported physical activity (hours/week)

16.3 ± 8.1

16.1 ± 7.4

14.0 ± 7.7

13.3 ± 8.0

12.2 ± 7.8

11.3 ± 7.6

Dutch Healthy Diet Index

88.43 ± 13.66

86.93 ± 13.99

84.71 ± 13.91

80.49 ± 14.45

78.22 ± 14.95

78.03 ± 14.04

Microvascular complications and retinal measures

 Presence of microvascular diseaseb, N (%)

91 (11.4)

27 (15.1)

84 (32.8)

99 (16.5)

56 (28.3)

272 (51.5)

Nephropathy c

45 (4.1)

14 (5.9)

57 (18.2)

57 (6.9)

32 (11.6)

170 (25.8)

 eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2

20 (1.8)

6 (2.6)

30 (9.6)

13 (1.6)

14 (5.1)

60 (9.2)

 eGRF (ml/min/1.73 m2)

90.07 ± 13.27

87.17 ± 14.22

84.17 ± 17.57

90.38 ± 13.26

86.15 ± 14.10

84.96 ± 17.14

 Albuminuria (> 30 mg urinary albumin excretion per 24 h)

27 (2.6)

10 (4.6)

35 (12.4)

51 (6.7)

22 (8.6)

129 (21.7)

 Albumin excretion (mg/24 h)

5.84 [3.67–9.35]

5.86 [3.87–10.01]

7.56 [4.76–15.32]

6.18 [3.76–10.25]

7.20 [4.47–11.35]

11.19 [6.00–25.21]

 History of kidney transplantation, N (%)

2 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.2)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 History of hemodialysis, N (%)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.3)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

Sensory neuropathy d

136 (12.4)

47 (20.2)

92 (29.4)

96 (11.7)

43 (15.6)

222 (34.3)

 Neuropathic pain, N (%)

74 (6.9)

28 (12.3)

59 (20.3)

45 (5.5)

17 (6.3)

112 (18.2)

 Impaired unilateral vibration perception, N (%)

33 (3.4)

10 (5.1)

22 (7.8)

35 (4.9)

17 (7.5)

65 (11.7)

 Impaired bilateral vibration perception, N (%)

20 (2.1)

7 (3.5)

15 (5.3)

20 (2.8)

9 (3.9)

70 (12.6)

 Mean neurothesiometer outcome on the right and left first toe (Volt)

8.75 (6.25;12.60)

9.85 (7.00;14.25)

10.45 (7.74;16.35)

11.48 (7.40;16.58)

12.20 (8.95;18.95)

15.40 (9.85;23.43)

Retinopathy

1 (0.1)

0 (0.0)

9 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (0.4)

35 (5.7)

Retinal microvasculature vessel diameters

  Central retinal arteriolar equivalent (µm)

145.44 ± 19.72

144.63 ± 20.67

144.49 ± 19.95

139.05 ± 20.13

138.31 ± 19.36

140.44 ± 21.52

  Central retinal venular equivalent (µm)

216.44 ± 29.71

219.77 ± 32.92

218.54 ± 31.29

210.07 ± 31.51

212.91 ± 29.80

214.36 ± 33.06

Flicker light-induced arteriolar and venular dilation

  Flicker light-induced arteriolar dilation (%)

3.32 ± 2.81

2.84 ± 2.68

2.51 ± 2.69

3.46 ± 2.84

3.14 ± 2.80

2.20 ± 2.60

  Flicker light-induced venular dilation (%)

4.05 ± 2.17

4.09 ± 2.22

3.86 ± 2.45

3.82 ± 2.17

4.01 ± 2.23

3.49 ± 2.18

  1. T2DM: type 2 diabetes; CVD: cardiovascular disease. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median [interquartile range], or n (%), as appropriate
  2. amissing data in 25% of individuals with T2DM per protocol
  3. bMicrovascular disease was defined as having retinopathy in one or both eyes, an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, albuminuria, and/or an impaired vibration perception of one or both first toes
  4. cNephropathy was defined as an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, albuminuria, or both; and/or a self-reported medical history of kidney transplantation or dialysis
  5. dDiabetic sensory neuropathy was defined as having neuropathic pain and/or, impaired uni- or bilateral vibration perception