Variability of risk factors and diabetes complications

Table 2 Summary of the studies showing an effect of lipids variability on the development of complications in patients with diabetes

Risk factor	Type of variability assessed	Short or long term variability	Metrics used	Type of study	Sample size	Significantly associated outcomes	Follow-up length	References
LDL	Visit-to-visit	Long-term	Standard deviation	Observational cohort	162	Carotid intima-media thickness	1 year	[21]
				Observational cohort	5354	Cardiovascular events	3.2 years	[22]
				Observational cohort	1792	Cardiovascular events	65 months	[23]
HDL	Visit-to-visit	Long-term	Standard deviation	Observational cohort	1792	Cardiovascular events	65 months	[23]
HDL	Visit-to-visit	Long-term	Standard deviation	Observational cohort	864	Appearance of albuminuria	3 years	[24]
Non-HDL cholesterol	Visit-to-visit	Long-term	Standard deviation	Observational cohort	1792	Cardiovascular events	65 months	[23]
Triglycerides	Visit-to-visit	Long-term	Standard deviation	Observational cohort	457	Incident microalbuminuria	6.8-years	[27]
Triglycerides	Post-prandial	Short-term	Coefficient of variation	Observational cohort	168	eGFR decline	6.0 years	[26]

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