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Table 4 Association of the metrics of continuous glucose monitoring with intima-media thickness and gray-scale median

From: Associations of continuous glucose monitoring-assessed glucose variability with intima-media thickness and ultrasonic tissue characteristics of the carotid arteries: a cross-sectional analysis in patients with type 2 diabetes

 

mean-IMT (n = 600)

CCA-max-IMT (n = 600)

mean-GSM (n = 599)

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

β (95% CI)

P value

Mean glucose (mmol/L)

Model 1

− 0.001 (− 0.008, 0.006)

0.768

0.005 (− 0.016, 0.026)

0.634

− 1.842 (− 2.750, − 0.934)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.005)

0.646

0.004 (− 0.016, 0.025)

0.677

− 1.950 (− 2.851, − 1.049)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.005)

0.654

0.002 (− 0.019, 0.023)

0.850

− 1.738 (− 2.629, − 0.846)

 < 0.001

Model 4

0.004 (− 0.007, 0.015)

0.471

0.012 (− 0.021, 0.045)

0.459

− 1.987 (− 3.443, − 0.530)

0.008

Model 5

0.006 (− 0.005, 0.017)

0.302

0.016 (− 0.018, 0.050)

0.353

− 1.740 (− 3.200, − 0.280)

0.020

Median glucose (mmol/L)

Model 1

− 0.001 (− 0.009, 0.006)

0.700

0.004 (− 0.017, 0.024)

0.726

− 1.722 (− 2.612, − 0.832)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.002 (− 0.008, 0.005)

0.619

0.003 (− 0.017, 0.023)

0.744

− 1.834 (− 2.717, − 0.951)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.005)

0.626

0.000 (− 0.020, 0.020)

0.982

− 1.576 (− 2.452, − 0.700)

 < 0.001

Model 4

0.004 (− 0.007, 0.014)

0.528

0.007 (− 0.026, 0.039)

0.682

− 1.529 (− 2.960, − 0.098)

0.036

Model 5

0.005 (− 0.006, 0.016)

0.356

0.010 (− 0.023, 0.043)

0.558

− 1.312 (− 2.747, 0.124)

0.073

SD (mmol/L)

Model 1

0.002 (− 0.018, 0.023)

0.841

0.036 (− 0.023, 0.095)

0.231

− 5.810 (− 8.353, − 3.266)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.008 (− 0.028, 0.011)

0.405

0.016 (− 0.042, 0.074)

0.589

− 5.460 (− 8.001, − 2.918)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.008 (− 0.028, 0.012)

0.416

0.019 (− 0.040, 0.078)

0.532

− 5.450 (− 7.990, − 2.909)

 < 0.001

Model 4

− 0.003 (− 0.026, 0.021)

0.830

0.040 (− 0.030, 0.109)

0.265

− 6.119 (− 9.179, − 3.060)

 < 0.001

Model 5

− 0.001 (− 0.025, 0.023)

0.937

0.042 (− 0.029, 0.113)

0.243

− 5.900 (− 8.952, − 2.848)

 < 0.001

CV (%)

Model 1

0.001 (− 0.001, 0.003)

0.392

0.005 (− 0.002, 0.011)

0.147

− 0.332 (− 0.595, − 0.070)

0.013

Model 2

0.000 (− 0.002, 0.002)

0.659

0.002 (− 0.004, 0.008)

0.557

− 0.266 (− 0.530, − 0.001)

0.049

Model 3

0.000 (− 0.003, 0.002)

0.680

0.003 (− 0.003, 0.009)

0.346

− 0.315 (− 0.580, − 0.050)

0.020

Model 4

− 0.001 (− 0.003, 0.002)

0.639

0.003 (− 0.003, 0.009)

0.306

− 0.418 (− 0.686, − 0.151)

0.002

Model 5

− 0.001 (− 0.003, 0.002)

0.632

0.003 (− 0.003, 0.009)

0.320

− 0.428 (− 0.696, − 0.161)

0.002

MAGE (mmol/L)

Model 1

0.002 (− 0.004, 0.008)

0.568

0.012 (− 0.006, 0.030)

0.181

− 1.665 (− 2.442, − 0.887)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.001 (− 0.007, 0.005)

0.636

0.006 (− 0.012, 0.024)

0.503

− 1.605 (− 2.381, − 0.829)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.001 (− 0.007, 0.005)

0.652

0.008 (− 0.010, 0.025)

0.395

− 1.666 (− 2.433, − 0.899)

 < 0.001

Model 4

0.000 (− 0.006, 0.007)

0.916

0.015 (− 0.005, 0.035)

0.137

− 1.741 (− 2.619, − 0.862)

 < 0.001

Model 5

0.001 (− 0.006, 0.008)

0.785

0.017 (− 0.004, 0.037)

0.111

− 1.684 (− 2.562, − 0.807)

 < 0.001

TIR (%): 3.9–10.0 mmol/L

Model 1

− 0.001 (− 0.008, 0.006)

0.841

− 0.010 (− 0.030, 0.010)

0.343

1.963 (1.106, 2.821)

 < 0.001

Model 2

0.001 (− 0.006, 0.007)

0.787

− 0.007 (− 0.026, 0.013)

0.503

1.990 (1.139, 2.840)

 < 0.001

Model 3

0.001 (− 0.006, 0.007)

0.800

− 0.004 (− 0.024, 0.015)

0.668

1.774 (0.927, 2.620)

 < 0.001

Model 4

− 0.003 (− 0.013, 0.006)

0.505

− 0.013 (− 0.041, 0.015)

0.357

2.269 (1.031, 3.507)

 < 0.001

Model 5

− 0.004 (− 0.014, 0.006)

0.412

− 0.015 (− 0.043, 0.014)

0.318

2.187 (0.954, 3.419)

 < 0.001

TAR (%): >10.0 mmol/L

Model 1

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

0.777

0.001 (− 0.002, 0.002)

0.647

− 0.192 (− 0.276, − 0.109)

 < 0.001

Model 2

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.000)

0.560

0.000 (− 0.002, 0.002)

0.762

− 0.198 (− 0.281, − 0.115)

 < 0.001

Model 3

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

0.567

0.000 (− 0.002, 0.002)

0.962

− 0.177 (− 0.259, − 0.095)

 < 0.001

Model 4

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

0.660

0.001 (− 0.002, 0.004)

0.605

− 0.234 (− 0.363, − 0.104)

 < 0.001

Model 5

0.000 (− 0.001, 0.001)

0.488

0.001 (− 0.002, 0.004)

0.514

− 0.213 (− 0.342, − 0.084)

0.001

TAR (%): >13.9 mmol/L

Model 1

− 0.001 (− 0.002, 0.001)

0.275

0.000 (− 0.004, 0.004)

1.000

− 0.277 (− 0.469, − 0.085)

0.005

Model 2

− 0.001 (− 0.002, 0.001)

0.201

0.000 (− 0.004, 0.004)

0.954

− 0.293 (− 0.483, − 0.103)

0.003

Model 3

− 0.001 (− 0.002, 0.001)

0.204

0.000 (− 0.005, 0.004)

0.887

− 0.274 (− 0.460, − 0.087)

0.004

Model 4

− 0.001 (− 0.003, 0.002)

0.613

0.001 (− 0.005, 0.007)

0.857

− 0.255 (− 0.518, 0.010)

0.059

Model 5

− 0.001 (− 0.003, 0.002)

0.653

0.001 (− 0.005, 0.007)

0.809

− 0.258 (− 0.519, 0.004)

0.054

TBR (%): <3.9 mmol/L

Model 1

0.002 (0.000, 0.005)

0.065

0.007 (− 0.001, 0.014)

0.071

0.073 (− 0.254, 0.401)

0.660

Model 2

0.002 (− 0.001, 0.004)

0.220

0.005 (− 0.002, 0.012)

0.175

0.122 (− 0.203, 0.448)

0.461

Model 3

0.002 (− 0.001, 0.004)

0.213

0.005 (− 0.002, 0.013)

0.156

0.130 (− 0.190, 0.449)

0.426

Model 4

0.001 (− 0.002, 0.003)

0.519

0.004 (− 0.003, 0.012)

0.260

− 0.089 (− 0.420, 0.242)

0.598

Model 5

0.001 (− 0.002, 0.003)

0.676

0.004 (− 0.004, 0.012)

0.316

− 0.167 (− 0.500, 0.165)

0.324

TBR (%): <3.0 mmol/L

Model 1

0.007 (− 0.002, 0.016)

0.119

0.025 (0.000, 0.051)

0.050

− 0.651 (− 1.765, 0.464)

0.252

Model 2

0.005 (− 0.003, 0.013)

0.223

0.022 (− 0.003, 0.047)

0.087

− 0.500 (− 1.607, 0.608)

0.376

Model 3

0.005 (− 0.003, 0.014)

0.216

0.022 (− 0.003, 0.047)

0.083

− 0.438 (− 1.525, 0.650)

0.429

Model 4

0.005 (− 0.004, 0.013)

0.293

0.023 (− 0.001, 0.048)

0.064

− 0.913 (− 2.010, 0.183)

0.102

Model 5

0.004 (− 0.005, 0.012)

0.385

0.022 (− 0.003, 0.047)

0.088

− 1.014 (− 2.113, 0.086)

0.071

HBGI

Model 1

− 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.002)

0.563

0.002 (− 0.006, 0.010)

0.646

− 0.772 (− 1.131, − 0.414)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.001)

0.306

0.001 (− 0.007, 0.009)

0.829

− 0.778 (− 1.133, − 0.423)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.001 (− 0.004, 0.001)

0.312

0.001 (− 0.008, 0.009)

0.903

− 0.730 (− 1.081, − 0.379)

 < 0.001

Model 4

0.000 (− 0.004, 0.004)

0.937

0.005 (− 0.008, 0.017)

0.463

− 0.979 (− 1.516, − 0.442)

 < 0.001

Model 5

0.000 (− 0.004, 0.004)

0.933

0.005 (− 0.007, 0.018)

0.412

− 0.946 (− 1.480, − 0.411)

 < 0.001

LBGI

Model 1

0.003 (− 0.005, 0.010)

0.476

0.007 (− 0.015, 0.028)

0.546

0.261 (− 0.676, 1.199)

0.585

Model 2

0.000 (− 0.007, 0.007)

0.947

0.002 (− 0.020, 0.023)

0.888

0.467 (− 0.467, 1.402)

0.327

Model 3

0.000 (− 0.007, 0.007)

0.931

0.003 (− 0.018, 0.024)

0.798

0.452 (− 0.467, 1.372)

0.335

Model 4

− 0.002 (− 0.009, 0.006)

0.648

0.001 (− 0.021, 0.024)

0.899

− 0.345 (− 1.333, 0.643)

0.493

Model 5

− 0.003 (− 0.011, 0.005)

0.454

− 0.001 (− 0.024, 0.022)

0.958

− 0.583 (− 1.580, 0.413)

0.251

MODD (mmol/L)

Model 1

− 0.008 (− 0.028, 0.012)

0.420

− 0.001 (− 0.059, 0.057)

0.968

− 5.395 (− 7.887, − 2.902)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.007 (− 0.025, 0.012)

0.495

0.003 (− 0.054, 0.059)

0.929

− 5.610 (− 8.078, − 3.143)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.007 (− 0.026, 0.013)

0.508

− 0.001 (− 0.059, 0.056)

0.966

− 5.215 (− 7.702, − 2.728)

 < 0.001

Model 4

0.003 (− 0.022, 0.028)

0.810

0.010 (− 0.065, 0.084)

0.800

− 6.702 (− 9.949, − 3.456)

 < 0.001

Model 5

0.004 (− 0.022, 0.029)

0.766

0.009 (− 0.067, 0.085)

0.809

− 6.649 (− 9.908, − 3.389)

 < 0.001

IQR (mmol/L)

Model 1

− 0.012 (− 0.029, 0.004)

0.135

− 0.014 (− 0.061, 0.034)

0.571

− 3.621 (− 5.658, − 1.585)

 < 0.001

Model 2

− 0.010 (− 0.025, 0.006)

0.209

− 0.008 (− 0.054, 0.038)

0.735

− 3.929 (− 5.948, − 1.910)

 < 0.001

Model 3

− 0.010 (− 0.026, 0.006)

0.212

− 0.010 (− 0.057, 0.037)

0.676

− 3.676 (− 5.702, − 1.650)

 < 0.001

Model 4

− 0.005 (− 0.026, 0.015)

0.607

− 0.009 (− 0.070, 0.051)

0.762

− 4.535 (− 7.207, − 1.862)

 < 0.001

Model 5

− 0.004 (− 0.025, 0.017)

0.693

− 0.009 (− 0.071, 0.053)

0.778

− 4.394 (− 7.069, − 1.718)

0.001

  1. Univariable and multivariable linear regression analysis. Model 1 was not adjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 3 was adjusted for BMI, duration of diabetes, and the covariates in Model 2. Model 4 was adjusted for smoking status, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, log-transformed triglycerides, uric acid, and the covariates in Model 3. Model 5 was adjusted for eGFR, log-transformed urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and the covariates in Model 4
  2. IMT intima-media thickness, GSM gray-scale median, SD standard deviation, CV coefficient of variation, MAGE mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, TIR time in range, TAR time above range, TBR time below range, HBGI high blood glucose index, LBGI low blood glucose index, MODD mean of daily differences, IQR interquartile range