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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of all the participants

From: Associations of continuous glucose monitoring-assessed glucose variability with intima-media thickness and ultrasonic tissue characteristics of the carotid arteries: a cross-sectional analysis in patients with type 2 diabetes

 

All (n = 600)

Sex: male

379 (63.2)

Age (years)

64.9 ± 9.2

Duration of diabetes (years)

11.0 (6.0, 18.0)

Ever smoker

327 (54.5)

Hypertension

347 (57.8)

Dyslipidemia

450 (75.0)

BMI (kg/m2)

24.6 ± 3.8

Anti-diabetic medications

894 (89.5)

Insulin therapy

158 (15.8)

ACE-I or ARB use

412 (41.2)

Statin use

508 (51.0)

Systolic BP (mmHg)

132.0 ± 14.8

HbA1c (%)

7.0 ± 0.8

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

53.5 ± 9.0

FPG (mmol/L)

7.63 ± 1.81

AST (U/L)

22.9 ± 8.7

ALT (U/L)

22.9 ± 13.3

γ-GTP (U/L)

31.0 ± 33.6

Uric acid (μmol/L)

308 ± 73

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

4.77 ± 0.81

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

1.55 ± 0.41

Triglycerides (mmol/L)

1.12 (0.80, 1.58)

LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)

2.67 ± 0.69

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

73.4 ± 20.6

u-Alb/Cr (mg/g)

14.4 (6.4, 44.5)

Ultrasonographic scans of the carotid artery

 Mean-IMT (mm)

0.76 ± 0.15

 CCA-max-IMT (mm)

1.11 ± 0.44

 Mean-GSM

48.7 ± 19.3

 Thickened lesion-GSM

43.5 ± 19.5

 Plaque-GSM

61.5 ± 29.9

Metrics of CGM

 Mean glucose (mmol/L)

7.62 ± 1.68

 Median glucose (mmol/L)

7.25 ± 1.72

 SD (mmol/L)

1.96 (1.60, 2.36)

 CV (%)

25.7 (22.2, 29.4)

 MAGE (mmol/L)

5.12 (4.08, 6.52)

 TIR (%): 3.9–10.0 mmol/L

84.6 (70.4, 92.3)

 TAR (%): > 10.0 mmol/L

12.8 (4.6, 27.9)

 TAR (%): > 13.9 mmol/L

0.4 (0.0, 3.1)

 TBR (%): < 3.9 mmol/L

0.1 (0.0, 2.0)

 TBR (%): < 3.0 mmol/L

0.0 (0.0, 0.0)

 HBGI

4.35 (2.74, 6.84)

 LBGI

1.08 (0.44, 2.17)

 MODD (mmol/L)

1.63 (1.29, 2.00)

 IQR (mmol/L)

2.00 (1.61, 2.46)

  1. Continuous data are presented as means ± standard deviations or medians (interquartile ranges). Categorical data are presented as counts (percentages)
  2. ACE-I angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, BP blood pressure, FPG fasting plasma glucose, AST aspartate aminotransferase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, γ-GTP gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, u-Alb/Cr urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio, IMT intima-media thickness, CCA common carotid artery, GSM gray-scale median, CGM continuous glucose monitoring, SD standard deviation, CV coefficient of variation, MAGE mean amplitude of glycemic excursion, TIR time in range, TAR time above range, TBR time below range, HBGI high blood glucose index, LBGI low blood glucose index, MODD mean of daily differences, IQR interquartile range