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Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with an SGLT2i stratified by baseline BMI

From: The impact of weight loss related to risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor

 

Normal BMI < 23 (n = 1,203)

Overweight BMI 23.0–24.9 (n = 1,518)

Obese I BMI 25.0–27.4 (n = 2,465)

Obese II BMI 27.5–29.9 (n = 2,026)

Obese III BMI \(\ge\) 30.0 (n = 3,025)

P value (ANOVA)

Clinical characteristics

 Diabetes duration (year)

8.5 ± 3.6

8.4 ± 3.7

8.5 ± 3.5

8.3 ± 3.6

7.6 ± 3.7

 < 0.001

 Age (year)

62.0 ± 10.7

61.1 ± 10.7

60.0 ± 10.7

58.9 ± 10.9

54.6 ± 12.1

 < 0.001

 Female

601 (50)

643 (42)

1042 (42)

768 (38)

1290 (43)

 < 0.001

 Ischemic heart etiology

89 (7)

123 (8)

215 (9)

194 (10)

194 (6)

0.001

 Hypertension

630 (52)

878 (58)

1634 (66)

1437 (71)

2264 (75)

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

799 (66)

1125 (74)

1883 (76)

1536 (77)

2318 (77)

 < 0.001

 Cerebral vascular accidents

53 (4)

75 (5)

111 (5)

90 (4)

110 (4)

0.273

 Congestive heart failure

47 (4)

42 (3)

78 (3)

66 (3)

98 (3)

0.585

 Chronic lung disease

26 (2)

29 (2)

42 (2)

36 (2)

89 (3)

0.011

 Chronic liver disease

308 (26)

353 (23)

680 (28)

588 (29)

912 (30)

 < 0.001

 Chronic kidney disease

208 (17)

248 (16)

415 (17)

338 (17)

543 (18)

0.633

 Peripheral artery disease

13 (1)

15 (1)

22 (1)

18 (1)

21 (1)

0.741

 Gout

70 (6)

115 (8)

227 (9)

241 (12)

386 (13)

 < 0.001

 Malignancy

111 (9)

155 (10)

203 (8)

125 (6)

213 (7)

 < 0.001

Vital sign

 Height (cm)

160.6 ± 12.2

161.8 ± 11.8

161.8 ± 10.9

162.6 ± 11.8

162.1 ± 14.2

 < 0.001

 Body weight (KG)

56.6 ± 7.4

63.8 ± 6.8

69.2 ± 7.6

76.5 ± 8.4

89.3 ± 14.3

 < 0.001

 BMI

21.4 ± 1.4

24.1 ± 0.6

26.2 ± 0.7

28.6 ± 0.7

33.6 ± 3.8

 < 0.001

 SBP (mmHg)

133.4 ± 20.8

136.5 ± 18.9

138.2 ± 20.0

140.2 ± 18.5

142.0 ± 19.2

 < 0.001

 DBP (mmHg)

73.7 ± 10.9

76.1 ± 11.1

77.2 ± 11.1

78.8 ± 11.4

80.8 ± 11.4

 < 0.001

 HR (bpm)

85.0 ± 13.5

84.0 ± 13.3

84.0 ± 13.3

84.4 ± 13.1

85.8 ± 13.7

 < 0.001

Baseline laboratory data

 HbA1c (%)

9.1 ± 1.8

8.8 ± 1.6

8.8 ± 1.6

8.8 ± 1.6

8.7 ± 1.6

 < 0.001

 eGFR (ml/min/m2)

97.1 ± 33.9

93.6 ± 29.1

93.0 ± 30.3

91.7 ± 28.2

96.1 ± 29.4

 < 0.001

 ALT (U/L)

28.3 ± 27.3

29.4 ± 31.3

33.3 ± 64.0

35.0 ± 33.6

40.8 ± 32.3

 < 0.001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

137.6 ± 135.0

157.9 ± 141.0

180.6 ± 230.6

199.7 ± 323.8

198.1 ± 187.9

 < 0.001

 LDL (mg/dL)

94.9 ± 30.8

93.3 ± 29.9

92.2 ± 30.5

93.7 ± 31.2

94.4 ± 29.2

0.050

 HDL (mg/d)

48.3 ± 14.1

45.1 ± 11.1

43.7 ± 10.9

42.9 ± 10.4

42.4 ± 10.3

 < 0.001

Baseline medications

 Anti-platelet agent

336 (28)

494 (33)

814 (33)

689 (34)

958 (32)

0.006

 Statin

653 (54)

928 (61)

1566 (64)

1298 (64)

1880 (62)

 < 0.001

 Non-dihydropyridine CCB

52 (4)

67 (4)

106 (4)

131 (6)

180 (6)

0.001

 Dihydropyridine CCB

135 (11)

210 (14)

387 (16)

330 (16)

554 (18)

 < 0.001

 Beta-blocker

278 (23)

421 (28)

747 (30)

708 (35)

1082 (36)

 < 0.001

 ACEI or ARB or ARNI

527 (44)

777 (51)

1440 (58)

1288 (64)

2081 (69)

 < 0.001

 MRA

30 (2)

20 (1)

64 (3)

57 (3)

95 (3)

0.008

 Loop diuretics

72 (6)

76 (5)

156 (6)

120 (6)

237 (8)

0.003

 Thiazides

4 (0)

7 (0)

13 (1)

8 (0)

33 (1)

0.005

 Nitrate

61 (5)

68 (4)

150 (6)

141 (7)

178 (6)

0.023

 Digoxin

14 (1)

10 (1)

21 (1)

13 (1)

21 (1)

0.469

Anti-diabetic agent

 SU

833 (69)

1070 (70)

1698 (69)

1340 (66)

1968 (65)

0.001

 Metformin

1061 (88)

1357 (89)

2253 (91)

1850 (91)

2762 (91)

0.004

 Glinide

61 (5)

39 (3)

85 (3)

61 (3)

82 (3)

0.001

 DPP4i

655 (54)

772 (51)

1229 (50)

981 (48)

1356 (45)

 < 0.001

 Glitazone

263 (22)

351 (23)

594 (24)

564 (28)

803 (27)

 < 0.001

 Acarbose

297 (25)

329 (22)

518 (21)

406 (20)

565 (19)

 < 0.001

 Insulin

262 (22)

258 (17)

415 (17)

345 (17)

478 (16)

 < 0.001

 GLP1 agonist

3 (0)

8 (1)

14 (1)

10 (0)

45 (1)

 < 0.001

  1. ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; ARNI: angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor; BMI: body mass index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; DPP4i: dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLP1: glucagon-like peptide 1; HBA1c: hemoglobin A1c; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; HR: heart rate; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MRA: mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SGLT2i: sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor; SU: sulfonylurea
  2. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%)