Table 1 Characteristics of patients with diabetes mellitus, with and without CKD after diabetes
|  | With CKD (n = 55,961) | Without CKD (n = 55,961) | p-value | SMDs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic profile | ||||
Age (years) | 56.6 ± 13.6 | 56.5 ± 12.9 | 0.33 | 0.0058 |
Sex (Female %) | 24,806 (44.3) | 25,069 (44.8) | 0.11 | − 0.0209 |
Lifestyle factors | ||||
Smoking (%) | 359 (0.6) | 343 (0.6) | 0.545 | 0.0036 |
Alcoholism (%) | 840 (1.5) | 905 (1.6) | 0.117 | − 0.0094 |
Years of DM diagnosis | Â | Â | 0.88 | 0.0092 |
2004 | 8450 (15.1) | 8480 (15.2) | Â | Â |
2005 | 8547 (15.3) | 8464 (15.1) | Â | Â |
2006 | 8049 (14.4) | 8149 (14.6) | Â | Â |
2007 | 8156 (14.6) | 8147 (14.6) | Â | Â |
2008 | 7790 (13.9) | 7821 (14.0) | Â | Â |
2009 | 7765 (13.9) | 7640 (13.7) | Â | Â |
2010 | 7204 (12.9) | 7260 (13.0) | Â | Â |
Comorbidity | ||||
Obesity (%) | 1028 (1.8) | 1017 (1.8) | 0.806 | 0.0015 |
Hypertension (%) | 32,865 (58.7) | 32,773 (58.6) | 0.577 | 0.0033 |
Hyperlipidemia (%) | 26,045 (46.5) | 26,192 (46.8) | 0.379 | − 0.0053 |
Chronic liver disease (%) | 22,287 (39.8) | 22,992 (41.1) |  < 0.001 | − 0.0257 |
COPD (%) | 6648 (11.9) | 6765 (12.1) | 0.282 | − 0.0064 |
Asthma (%) | 5834 (10.4) | 5909 (10.6) | 0.464 | − 0.0044 |
Parkinsonism (%) | 436 (0.8) | 425 (0.8) | 0.707 | 0.0022 |
Gout (%) | 15,892 (28.4) | 16,286 (29.1) | 0.009 | − 0.0156 |
Malignancy (%) | 4693 (8.4) | 5423 (9.7) |  < 0.001 | − 0.0455 |
Mental disorders (%) | 10,137 (18.1) | 10,315 (18.4) | 0.169 | − 0.0082 |
Dementia (%) | 603 (1.1) | 632 (1.1) | 0.407 | − 0.0050 |
Proteinuria (%) | 1373 (2.5) | 1256 (2.2) | 0.021 | 0.0138 |
Hypoglycemia events (%) | 74 (0.1) | 83 (0.2) | 0.472 | − 0.0043 |
Relevant medications | ||||
ACEi (%) | 17,386 (31.1) | 17,485 (31.2) | 0.523 | − 0.0038 |
Allopurinol (%) | 3172 (5.7) | 3185 (5.7) | 0.867 | − 0.0010 |
Anti-depressants (%) | 11,691 (20.9) | 11,751 (21.0) | 0.659 | − 0.0026 |
Anti-psychotics (%) | 15,026 (26.9) | 15,279 (27.3) | 0.089 | − 0.0102 |
ARB (%) | 23,734 (42.4) | 23,401 (41.8) | 0.044 | 0.0121 |
Aspirin (%) | 18,118 (32.4) | 18,061 (32.3) | 0.716 | 0.0022 |
β-blockers (%) | 25,470 (45.5) | 25,412 (45.4) | 0.728 | 0.0021 |
Benzodiazepine (%) | 30,595 (54.7) | 30,810 (55.1) | 0.197 | − 0.0077 |
Clopidogrel (%) | 2302 (4.1) | 2269 (4.1) | 0.618 | 0.0030 |
COX-II inhibitor (%) | 16,493 (29.5) | 16,714 (29.9) | 0.148 | − 0.0086 |
Fibrate (%) | 12,240 (21.9) | 12,324 (22.0) | 0.544 | − 0.0036 |
NSAID (%) | 51,571 (92.2) | 51,559 (92.1) | 0.894 | 0.0008 |
Statin (%) | 25,411 (45.4) | 25,441 (45.5) | 0.857 | − 0.0011 |
Warfarin (%) | 725 (1.3) | 715 (1.3) | 0.791 | 0.0016 |
Anti-diabetic agents | ||||
α-glucosidase inhibitor (%) | 8556 (15.3) | 8528 (15.2) | 0.816 | 0.0014 |
Biguanide (%) | 32,734 (58.5) | 32,807 (58.6) | 0.658 | − 0.0026 |
DPP4 inhibitors (%) | 5223 (9.3) | 5199 (9.3) | 0.805 | 0.0015 |
Insulin (%) | 6555 (11.7) | 6508 (11.6) | 0.662 | 0.0026 |
Meglitinide (%) | 6190 (11.1) | 6041 (10.8) | 0.153 | 0.0085 |
Sulfonylurea (%) | 29,011 (51.8) | 29,148 (52.1) | 0.412 | − 0.0049 |
Thiazolidinedione (%) | 5872 (10.5) | 5790 (10.4) | 0.422 | 0.0048 |
Duration of follow-up (years) | 4.3 ± 2.1 | 4.3 ± 2.1 | 0.10 |  |
Medians (IQR) (years) | 4.2 (2.5, 6.1) | 4.3 (2.5, 6.1) | Â | Â |