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Table 2 Baseline characteristics of T2DM patients according to the HR quartiles

From: Effect of heart rate on left ventricular longitudinal myocardial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Variables

HR:44-62 bpm (n = 48)

HR:63-69 bpm (n = 48)

HR:70-77 bpm (n = 48)

HR:78-109 bpm (n = 48)

P value

Clinical characteristics

 Age, years

61 ± 14

61 ± 13

63 ± 12

58 ± 13

0.24

 Gender (female), n (%)

19 (40)

23 (48)

25 (52)

25 (52)

0.58

 DM duration, years

10 (8–13)

9 (7–11)

10 (7–13)

11 (8–13)

0.85

 Body weight, kg

67 ± 15

66 ± 15

66 ± 17

68 ± 17

0.97

 Body mass index

25.7 ± 5.7

25.9 ± 4.8

24.8 ± 6.3

25 ± 5.0

0.77

 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg

129 ± 22

132 ± 19

134 ± 20

130 ± 19

0.56

 Heart rate, bpm

56 ± 5

67 ± 2

74 ± 2

85 ± 7

 < .0001

 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2

76.4 ± 23.2

70.1 ± 24.5

74.2 ± 22.5

75.3 ± 26.1

0.6

 HbA1c, %

8.8 ± 2.3

8.3 ± 1.7

9.2 ± 1.9

8.6 ± 2.0

0.2

Comorbidities, n (%)

 Hypertension

28 (58)

30 (6)

31 (65)

28 (58)

0.92

 Dyslipidemia

28 (58)

25 (52)

29 (60)

35 (73)

0.15

Antidiabetic drugs, n (%)

 DPP-4I

26 (54)

17 (35)

31 (65)

23 (48)

0.04

 GLP-1 RA

2 (4)

9 (19)

7 (15)

10 (21)

0.09

 SU

10 (21)

8 (17)

12 (25)

12 (25)

0.7

 α-GI

13 (27)

8 (17)

9 (19)

10 (21)

0.65

 Thiazalidine

3 (6)

7 (15)

4 (8)

5 (10)

0.57

 Metformin

20 (42)

19 (40)

30 (63)

26 (54)

0.07

 SGLT2 inhibitor

4 (8)

4 (8)

6 (13)

6 (13)

0.83

 Statin

20 (42)

21 (44)

18 (38)

21 (44)

0.9

 Calcium channel blocker

18 (38)

21 (44)

20 (42)

11 (23)

0.16

 β-blocker

5 (10)

9 (19)

6 (13)

7 (15)

0.68

Echocardiographic parameters

 LV end-diastolic volume, mL

73.4 ± 19.5

70.8 ± 19.9

70.6 ± 26.0

61.8 ± 19.8

0.05

 LV end-systolic volume, mL

25.4 ± 8.5

25.3 ± 9.5

24.4 ± 11.7

21.9 ± 9.5

0.26

 LVEF, %

66 ± 5

65 ± 6

66 ± 5

66 ± 5

0.82

 LVMI, g/m2

86.8 ± 20.7

80.7 ± 19.5

82.7 ± 22.1

75.5 ± 21.4

0.08

 LAVI, mL/m2

31.5 ± 8.0

29.3 ± 9.0

30.7 ± 8.9

26.5 ± 7.2

0.02

 E/A

0.9 ± 0.3

0.8 ± 0.2

0.7 ± 0.2

0.8 ± 0.2

0.001

 E/e’

11.0 ± 3.6

11.1 ± 3.5

11.6 ± 5.4

10.1 ± 3.6

0.36

 Tricuspid regurgitation velocity

1.6 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 1.0

1.5 ± 1.0

0.9 ± 1.1

0.005

 GLS

18.0 ± 3.0

18.0 ± 2.8

16.8 ± 2.9

17.4 ± 3.5

0.65

  1. All abbreviations as in Table 1