Variables | HR:44-62 bpm (n = 48) | HR:63-69 bpm (n = 48) | HR:70-77 bpm (n = 48) | HR:78-109 bpm (n = 48) | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clinical characteristics | |||||
 Age, years | 61 ± 14 | 61 ± 13 | 63 ± 12 | 58 ± 13 | 0.24 |
 Gender (female), n (%) | 19 (40) | 23 (48) | 25 (52) | 25 (52) | 0.58 |
 DM duration, years | 10 (8–13) | 9 (7–11) | 10 (7–13) | 11 (8–13) | 0.85 |
 Body weight, kg | 67 ± 15 | 66 ± 15 | 66 ± 17 | 68 ± 17 | 0.97 |
 Body mass index | 25.7 ± 5.7 | 25.9 ± 4.8 | 24.8 ± 6.3 | 25 ± 5.0 | 0.77 |
 Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 129 ± 22 | 132 ± 19 | 134 ± 20 | 130 ± 19 | 0.56 |
 Heart rate, bpm | 56 ± 5 | 67 ± 2 | 74 ± 2 | 85 ± 7 |  < .0001 |
 eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 76.4 ± 23.2 | 70.1 ± 24.5 | 74.2 ± 22.5 | 75.3 ± 26.1 | 0.6 |
 HbA1c, % | 8.8 ± 2.3 | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 9.2 ± 1.9 | 8.6 ± 2.0 | 0.2 |
Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
 Hypertension | 28 (58) | 30 (6) | 31 (65) | 28 (58) | 0.92 |
 Dyslipidemia | 28 (58) | 25 (52) | 29 (60) | 35 (73) | 0.15 |
Antidiabetic drugs, n (%) | |||||
 DPP-4I | 26 (54) | 17 (35) | 31 (65) | 23 (48) | 0.04 |
 GLP-1 RA | 2 (4) | 9 (19) | 7 (15) | 10 (21) | 0.09 |
 SU | 10 (21) | 8 (17) | 12 (25) | 12 (25) | 0.7 |
 α-GI | 13 (27) | 8 (17) | 9 (19) | 10 (21) | 0.65 |
 Thiazalidine | 3 (6) | 7 (15) | 4 (8) | 5 (10) | 0.57 |
 Metformin | 20 (42) | 19 (40) | 30 (63) | 26 (54) | 0.07 |
 SGLT2 inhibitor | 4 (8) | 4 (8) | 6 (13) | 6 (13) | 0.83 |
 Statin | 20 (42) | 21 (44) | 18 (38) | 21 (44) | 0.9 |
 Calcium channel blocker | 18 (38) | 21 (44) | 20 (42) | 11 (23) | 0.16 |
 β-blocker | 5 (10) | 9 (19) | 6 (13) | 7 (15) | 0.68 |
Echocardiographic parameters | |||||
 LV end-diastolic volume, mL | 73.4 ± 19.5 | 70.8 ± 19.9 | 70.6 ± 26.0 | 61.8 ± 19.8 | 0.05 |
 LV end-systolic volume, mL | 25.4 ± 8.5 | 25.3 ± 9.5 | 24.4 ± 11.7 | 21.9 ± 9.5 | 0.26 |
 LVEF, % | 66 ± 5 | 65 ± 6 | 66 ± 5 | 66 ± 5 | 0.82 |
 LVMI, g/m2 | 86.8 ± 20.7 | 80.7 ± 19.5 | 82.7 ± 22.1 | 75.5 ± 21.4 | 0.08 |
 LAVI, mL/m2 | 31.5 ± 8.0 | 29.3 ± 9.0 | 30.7 ± 8.9 | 26.5 ± 7.2 | 0.02 |
 E/A | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.001 |
 E/e’ | 11.0 ± 3.6 | 11.1 ± 3.5 | 11.6 ± 5.4 | 10.1 ± 3.6 | 0.36 |
 Tricuspid regurgitation velocity | 1.6 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 0.005 |
 GLS | 18.0 ± 3.0 | 18.0 ± 2.8 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 17.4 ± 3.5 | 0.65 |