Table 1 Main clinical characteristics of the study subjects
Parameters | NGT (n 23) | T2DM (n 59) | p value | GGC T2DM (n 28) | PGC T2DM (n 31) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (M/F) | 15/8 | 43/16 | 0.54 | 20/8 | 23/8 | 0.28 |
Age (years) | 58 ± 2 | 60 ± 1 | 0.33 | 60 ± 2 | 58 ± 2 | 0.09 |
Diabetes duration (years) | – | 11.3 ± 0.9 | – | 10.1 ± 1.3 | 12.6 ± 1.2 | 0.16 |
CV events (n) | – | 6 | – | 2 | 4 | 0.67 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25 ± 0.5 | 29 ± 0.6 | 0.02 | 29 ± 0.8 | 29 ± 10.0 | 0.78 |
HbA1c (mmol/mol) | – | 60.1 ± 2.0 | – | 47.9 ± 0.71 | 70.7 ± 2.5 | < 0.0001 |
HbA1c (%) | – | 7.5 ± 0.1 | – | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 8.6 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 122 ± 2.0 | 137 ± 2.0 | 0.04 | 135 ± 3.0 | 139 ± 3.0 | 0.39 |
DBP (mmHg) | 77 ± 3.0 | 81 ± 1.0 | 0.09 | 83 ± 2.0 | 80 ± 2.0 | 0.17 |
HR (bpm) | 74 ± 3.0 | 76 ± 3.0 | 0.23 | 76 ± 2.0 | 77 ± 2.0 | 0.61 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 85 ± 3.0 | 168 ± 7.0 | 0.001 | 154 ± 10.0 | 181 ± 10.0 | 0.06 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 168 ± 6.0 | 177 ± 4.0 | 0.53 | 173 ± 6.0 | 181 ± 7.0 | 0.38 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 51 ± 2.0 | 50 ± 2.0 | 0.35 | 51 ± 2.0 | 49 ± 3.0 | 0.45 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 104 ± 5.0 | 106 ± 4.0 | 0.31 | 105 ± 5.0 | 108 ± 5.0 | 0.56 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 114 ± 10.0 | 122 ± 7.0 | 0.57 | 107 ± 9.0 | 133 ± 12.0 | 0.06 |
White blood cells (109/L) | 6.9 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.2 | 0.44 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 0.11 |
Red blood cells (1012/L) | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 4.7 ± 0.1 | 0.76 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.8 ± 0.7 | 0.26 |
Hematocrit (%) | 42 ± 0.1 | 42 ± 0.3 | 0.54 | 43 ± 0.5 | 42 ± 0.5 | 0.41 |
Hemoglobin (g/L) | 144 ± 2.0 | 143 ± 1.3 | 0,31 | 142 ± 1.8 | 143 ± 1.9 | 0.96 |
Platelets (109/L) | 210 ± 5.0 | 229 ± 7.0 | 0.07 | 213 ± 7.0 | 243 ± 12.0 | 0.03 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 0.02 | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 0.004 |
VCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 658 ± 26.0 | 958 ± 36.0 | 0.01 | 858 ± 26.0 | 1032 ± 56.0 | 0.008 |
ICAM-1 (ng/mL) | 173 ± 9.0 | 210 ± 7.0 | 0.03 | 214 ± 9.0 | 218 ± 12.0 | 0.65 |
Antiplatelet drugs (%) | – | 47 | – | 52 | 43 | 0.60 |
ASA (%) | – | 41 |  | 46 | 36 | 0.56 |
ADP antagonists (%) | – | 7 | – | 4 | 10 | 0.68 |
Statins (%) | – | 65 | – | 70 | 60 | 0.58 |
OAD, n (%) | – | 68 | – | 78 | 60 | 0.17 |
Metformin (%) | – | 75 | – | 73 | 76 | 0.81 |
Incretins (%) | – | 26 | – | 23 | 28 | 0.94 |
Glitazone (%) | – | 7 | – | 8 | 14 | 0.77 |
Sulphonylurea (%) | – | 7 | – | 4 | 10 | 0.68 |
Insulin (± OAD) (%) | –– | 32 | – | 22 | 40 | 0.17 |
Diet | – | 2 | – | 4 | 0 | 0.96 |