Table 2 Study population characteristics based on the presence or absence of PAD and diabetes status

Age (years)

57.1 ± 0.5^a

61.9 ± 1.2*

60.1 ± 0.7^b

60.1 ± 1.5

61.2 ± 0.5^b

62.6 ± 0.8*

Men (%)

83.0

90.8

81.7

88.6

79.0

82.0

BMI (kg/m²)^a

30.2 ± 0.2^a

30.3 ± 0.5^a

30.9 ± 0.3^a

30.0 ± 0.7^a

32.1 ± 0.3^b

32.8 ± 0.4^b

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

77.8 ± 0.5

79.0 ± 1.3

77.0 ± 0.9

76.9 ± 1.9

76.1 ± 0.6

75.9 ± 1.0

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

133.4 ± 0.9^a

143.8 ± 2.3

136.0 ± 1.6^a

144.2 ± 3.3

142.9 ± 1.2^b

144.1 ± 2.0

LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

91.6 ± 1.3^a

91.3 ± 3.1^a

91.2 ± 2.1^a

94.2 ± 4.5^a

80.3 ± 1.6^b

87.8 ± 2.5*^b

HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)

44.7 ± 0.5^a

43.9 ± 1.2^a

42.0 ± 0.8^b

41.5 ± 1.6^b

39.3 ± 0.6^c

38.0 ± 1.0^c

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

161.3 ± 1.5^a

163.6 ± 3.9^a

163.4 ± 2.6^a

170.7 ± 5.4^a

150.3 ± 1.8^b

157.7 ± 2.9*^b

Triglycerides (mg/dL)

119.9 ± 3.1^a

138.6 ± 7.7*^a

137.4 ± 5.8^ab

162.4 ± 9.2*^b

148.6 ± 4.8^b

159.6 ± 7.4*^b

hsCRP (mg/mL)

2.38 ± 0.17^a

3.75 ± 0.41*

3.35 ± 0.34^b

5.17 ± 0.71*

3.22 ± 0.23^b

4.05 ± 0.36*

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

93.4 ± 0.5^a

93.4 ± 1.2^a

110.1 ± 1.8^b

107.9 ± 3.8^b

141.8 ± 3.1^c

143.7 ± 4.9^c

Fasting insulin (mU/L)

8.8 ± 0.3^a

9.6 ± 0.7^a

10.4 ± 0.8^a

10.7 ± 1.7^a

12.6 ± 0.9^b

15.9 ± 1.5^b

HbA1c (%)

5.89 ± 0.02^a

5.90 ± 0.04^a

6.64 ± 0.06^b

6.70 ± 0.13^b

7.55 ± 0.09^c

7.81 ± 0.13^c

eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)

92.6 ± 0.7^a

88.2 ± 0.6*^a

89.8 ± 1.3^ab

84.1 ± 2.8*^a

86.5 ± 1.1^b

81.4 ± 1.8*^b

Hypertension (%)^b

62.2^a

84.1*

58.2^a

80.1*

74.6^b

83.9*

Smoking (% current or past)

8.1

12.3*

11.8

15.1*

9.3

13.0*

Anti-hypertensive use (%)

86.3

87.7

88.8

87.5

91.1

95.0

Lipid-lowering therapy (%)

85.3^a

84.4^a

83.9^a

84.6^a

91.3^b

90.0^b

Oral antidiabetic use (%)

0.0^a

0.0^a

0.0^a

0.0^a

100.0^b

100.0^b