Association between cholesterol efflux capacity and peripheral artery disease in coronary heart disease patients with and without type 2 diabetes: from the CORDIOPREV study

Table 1 Study population characteristics based on the presence or absence of PAD

	Total population (n = 961)	No PAD (n = 773)	PAD (n = 188)	p value*
Age (years)	59.6 ± 0.3	58.9 ± 0.3	62.2 ± 0.5	< 0.001
Men (%)	82.4	81.0	85.5	0.138
BMI (kg/m²)^a	31.1 ± 0.1	31.1 ± 0.2	31.4 ± 0.3	0.319
Smoking (%, current or past)	10.9	9.1	13.4	0.041
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	77.2 ± 0.3	77.5 ± 0.4	76.5 ± 0.8	0.252
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	138.8 ± 0.6	137.2 ± 0.7	145.1 ± 1.4	< 0.001
LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	88.5 ± 0.8	87.9 ± 1.1	88.9 ± 1.2	0.211
HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL)	42.2 ± 0.3	43.1 ± 0.4	41.2 ± 0.7	0.030
Total cholesterol (mg/dL)	159.0 ± 1.0	158.3 ± 1.1	161.9 ± 2.4	0.950
Triglycerides (mg/dL)	135.4 ± 2.2	132.3 ± 2.4	147.7 ± 5.2	0.005
hsCRP (mg/mL)	3.10 ± 0.11	2.83 ± 0.12	4.15 ± 0.30	< 0.001
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)	113.6 ± 1.2	111.7 ± 1.3	121.1 ± 2.4	0.002
Fasting insulin (mU/L)	10.9 ± 0.3	10.6 ± 0.3	12.2 ± 1.1	0.076
HbA1c (%)	6.64 ± 0.03	6.56 ± 0.04	6.99 ± 0.10	< 0.001
T2DM (%)^b	53.8	50.1	67.1	< 0.001
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m²)	89.0 ± 0.5	90.2 ± 0.6	84.0 ± 1.3	< 0.001
Hypertension (%)^c	68.5	64.9	81.1	< 0.001
Anti-hypertensive use (%)	90.7	89.5	92.0	0.285
Lipid-lowering therapy (%)	85.7	85.0	87.6	0.379
Oral antidiabetic use (%)	34.8	31.1	50.2	< 0.001

Presence of PAD was defined as an Ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.9
Values are represented as the mean ± standard error or percentage of participants, unless otherwise stated. We used unpaired t tests for quantitative variables and Chi-squared tests for categorical variables
CHD, cardiovascular heart disease; PAD, peripheral artery disease; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high sensitive C-reactive protein; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate
* No PAD vs. PAD
^aBody mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kg divided by the square of height in m (kg/m²)
^bType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was defined as being diagnosed as diabetic before the start of the study [27], with a fasting blood glucose level ≥ 126 mg/dL on two occasions, or a 2-h plasma glucose level ≥ 200 mg/dL during a 75-g oral glucose-tolerance test, during the first procedures of the study
^cHypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90 mm Hg, or the use of antihypertensive therapy

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