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Table 1 Characteristics of participants with and without metabolic syndrome

From: The prediction of Metabolic Syndrome alterations is improved by combining waist circumference and handgrip strength measurements compared to either alone

Variables

Total

Without MetS (n %)

N = 2910

With MetS (n %)

N = 2116

(n)

Female

Male

Female

Male

Total

5026

1699 (33.8)

1211 (24.1)

1516 (30.2)

600 (11.9)

Age (years)

 < 50

2434

1013 (41.6)

604 (24.8)

572 (23.5)

245 (10.1)

 >  = 50

2592

686 (26.5)

607 (23.4)

944 (36.4)

355 (13.7)

Income (USD)

High (> 700)

1563

558 (35.7)

318 (20.3)

445 (28.5)

242 (15.5)

Middle (350–700)

1720

567 (33)

438 (25.5)

505 (29.4)

210 (12.2)

Low (< 350)

1743

574 (32.9)

455 (26.1)

566 (32.5)

148 (8.5)

Education

College/University

744

315 (42.3)

158 (21.2)

161 (21.6)

110 (14.8)

High school

974

384 (39.4)

195 (20)

281 (28.9)

114 (11.7)

None, primary, or unknown

3308

1000 (30.2)

858 (25.9)

1074 (32.5)

376 (11.4)

Location

Rural

2789

831 (29.8)

808 (29)

826 (29.6)

324 (11.6)

Urban

2237

868 (38.8)

403 (18)

690 (30.8)

276 (12.3)

Alcohol use

Never

2742

1213 (44.2)

316 (11.5)

1061 (38.7)

152 (5.5)

Before

789

180 (22.8)

248 (31.4)

201 (25.5)

160 (20.3)

Actual

1495

306 (20.5)

647 (43.3)

254 (17)

288 (19.3)

Tobacco use

Never

3304

1318 (39.9)

531 (16.1)

1157 (35)

298 (9)

Before

1035

214 (20.7)

387 (37.4)

233 (22.5)

201 (19.4)

Actual

687

167 (24.3)

293 (42.6)

126 (18.3)

101 (14.7)

Physical activity

Low

615

193 (31.4)

148 (24.1)

181 (29.4)

93 (15.1)

Moderate

1873

669 (35.7)

361 (19.3)

635 (33.9)

208 (11.1)

High

2538

837 (33)

702 (27.7)

700 (27.6)

299 (11.8)

BMI (kg/m2)

Tertile 1

2160

1002 (46.4)

845 (39.1)

231 (10.7)

82 (3.8)

Tertile 2

1981

545 (27.5)

324 (16.4)

766 (38.7)

346 (17.5)

Tertile 3

885

152 (17.2)

42 (4.7)

519 (58.6)

172 (19.4)

Waist circumference (cm)

Tertile 1

1696

1095 (64.6)

601 (35.4)

0 (0)

0 (0)

Tertile 2

1625

369 (22.7)

486 (29.9)

658 (40.5)

112 (6.9)

Tertile 3

1705

235 (13.8)

124 (7.3)

858 (50.3)

488 (28.6)

Waist/Hip ratio

Tertile 1

1659

863 (52)

549 (33.1)

198 (11.9)

49 (3)

Tertile 2

1658

539 (32.5)

409 (24.7)

522 (31.5)

188 (11.3)

Tertile 3

1709

297 (17.4)

253 (14.8)

796 (46.6)

363 (21.2)

Handgrip strength (kg)

Tertile 3

1655

601 (36.3)

366 (22.1)

477 (28.8)

211 (12.7)

Tertile 2

1595

509 (31.9)

409 (25.6)

471 (29.5)

206 (12.9)

Tertile 1

1776

589 (33.2)

436 (24.5)

568 (32.0)

183 (10.3)

Handgrip strength/Bodyweight

Tertile 3

1705

756 (44.3)

508 (29.8)

333 (19.5)

108 (6.3)

Tertile 2

1662

555 (33.4)

402 (24.2)

510 (30.7)

195 (11.7)

Tertile 1

1659

388 (23.4)

301 (18.1)

673 (40.6)

297 (17.9)

  1. MetS = Metabolic syndrome, BMI = body mass index, Waist/hip = Waist to hip ratio (W/H), HGS/BW = handgrip strength divided by bodyweight. T1 = Tertile 1, T2 = Tertile 2, T3 = Tertile 3
  2. Reference values for each tertile of the anthropometric variables (F = female, M = male)
  3. BMI (F): T1: 22.32 [15.82–25.00]; T2 27.29 [25.00–30.00]; T3 33.65 [30.01–58.37] BMI (M): T1 22.29 [16.22–24.98]; T2 27.18 [25.00–29.93]; T3 32.76 [30.00–58.03]. WC (F): T1 72.52 [42.00–79.00]; T2 83.89 [79.05–88.40]; T3 96.49 [88.50–143.80] WC (M): T1 76.66 [53.85–83]; T2 87.63 [83.05–92.00]; T3 100.24 [92.05–138.00]
  4. W/H (F): T1 0.77 [0.42–0.82]; T2 0.85 [0.82–0.88]; T3 0.93 [0.88–2.22] W/H (M): T1 0.86 [0.53–0.90]; T2 0.93 [0.9–0.96]; T3 1.02 [0.96–2.38] Handgrip (F): T1 15.9 [7.70–19.30]; T2 21.5 [19.70–23.70]; T3 29.5 [24.0–83.3] Handgrip (M): T1 24.58 [8.00–30.0]; T2 34.03 [30.33–38]; T3 44.71 [38.3–90.0] HGS/BW (F): T1 0.24 [0.12–0.30]; T2 0.34 [0.30–0.39]; T3 0.48 [0.39–1.59] HGS/BW (M): T1 0.35 [0.11–0.43]; T2 0.49 [0.43–0.54]; T3 0.65 [0.54–1.76]
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

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