Table 1 Unweighted and weighted characteristics of included patients
Unweighted | Propensity score overlap weighted | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rivaroxaban, % N = 32,078 | Warfarin, % N = 83,971 | ASD, % | Rivaroxaban, % N = 32,078 | Warfarin, % N = 83,971 | ASD, % | |
Demographics | ||||||
Age, years (mean ± SD)a | 70 ± 10 | 73 ± 10 | 30.0 | 71 ± 10 | 71 ± 10 | 0.0 |
Age 65–74 years | 34.2 | 31.5 | 6.8 | 33.8 | 33.8 | 0.0 |
Age ≥ 75 years | 36.4 | 48.1 | 26.6 | 41.0 | 41.0 | 0.0 |
Female | 39.9 | 40.8 | 2.1 | 40.5 | 40.5 | 0.0 |
White race, self-reported | 85.6 | 86.8 | 5.6 | 86.4 | 86.4 | 0.0 |
Hospital frailty score, intermediate risk | 37.3 | 39.0 | 4.0 | 38.1 | 38.1 | 0.0 |
Hospital frailty score, high risk | 15.8 | 24.3 | 29.6 | 18.2 | 18.2 | 0.0 |
Hospitalizations in prior 12-months (mean ± SD) | 0.98 ± 1.84 | 1.22 ± 1.98 | 12.4 | 1.05 ± 1.83 | 1.05 ± 1.83 | 0.0 |
Medical history | ||||||
Ablation | 2.6 | 3.1 | 10.0 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 0.0 |
Active cancer | 5.1 | 5.4 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 0.0 |
Active gastric or duodenal ulcer in prior 90-days | 0.2 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Acute coronary syndrome | 10.4 | 13.2 | 14.9 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 0.0 |
Anxiety | 15.0 | 14.2 | 3.5 | 14.8 | 14.8 | 0.0 |
Any bleeding in prior 90-days | 3.0 | 5.0 | 29.3 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 0.0 |
Asthma | 10.9 | 10.0 | 5.3 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 0.0 |
Hemoglobin A1c < 7% | 52.1 | 54.7 | 5.8 | 52.9 | 52.9 | 0.0 |
Hemoglobin A1c 7–8% | 23.3 | 22.8 | 1.6 | 23.0 | 23.0 | 0.0 |
Hemoglobin A1c > 8% | 24.6 | 22.5 | 6.4 | 24.0 | 24.0 | 0.0 |
Body mass index 30–3 9.9 kg/m2 | 45.0 | 41.8 | 7.2 | 43.8 | 43.8 | 0.0 |
Body mass index ≥ 40 kg/m2 or body weight > 120 kg | 26.3 | 22.7 | 10.8 | 25.1 | 25.1 | 0.0 |
Cardioversion | 7.5 | 7.9 | 3.1 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 0.0 |
Carotid endarterectomy and/or stent | 0.8 | 1.1 | 17.7 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 24.0 | 27.4 | 9.8 | 25.2 | 25.2 | 0.0 |
Coagulopathy | 5.8 | 10.2 | 33.8 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 0.0 |
Crohns disease or ulcerative colitis | 0.7 | 0.8 | 7.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
Chronic venous insufficiency | 4.9 | 6.4 | 15.6 | 5.2 | 5.2 | 0.0 |
Dementia | 4.9 | 7.2 | 22.6 | 5.7 | 5.7 | 0.0 |
Depression | 17.1 | 17.9 | 3.1 | 17.4 | 17.4 | 0.0 |
Diverticular disease | 6.5 | 7.1 | 5.2 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 0.0 |
eGFR 30–50 mL/min | 9.5 | 13.9 | 23.7 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 0.0 |
eGFR < 30 mL/min | 3.3 | 13.6 | 84.3 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.0 |
Kidney transplant or dialysis | 0.8 | 7.2 | 124.8 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 |
Excessive alcohol consumption | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.0 |
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 25.3 | 25.7 | 1.2 | 25.5 | 25.5 | 0.0 |
Heart failure | 33.6 | 45.8 | 28.3 | 37.3 | 37.3 | 0.0 |
Helicobacter pylori infection | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.0 |
Hemoglobin < 13 g/dL in men or < 12 g/dL in women (anemia) | 40.5 | 57.6 | 38.1 | 45.8 | 45.8 | 0.0 |
Hypercoagulable state | 0.5 | 0.8 | 26.1 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 |
Hyperlipidemia | 82.7 | 80.6 | 7.7 | 82.2 | 82.2 | 0.0 |
Hypertension | 91.3 | 90.2 | 7.2 | 90.8 | 90.8 | 0.0 |
Systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg | 3.9 | 3.5 | 6.2 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
Diastolic blood pressure ≥ 100 mm Hg | 5.0 | 3.0 | 29.3 | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0.0 |
Ischemic stroke | 7.7 | 10.1 | 16.4 | 8.6 | 8.6 | 0.0 |
Ischemic stroke in prior 12 months | 2.3 | 3.0 | 15.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 |
Liver dysfunction | 5.6 | 7.3 | 15.6 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.0 |
Major bleed | 1.2 | 2.7 | 45.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 |
Major adverse limb events | 6.4 | 9.8 | 25.5 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 0.0 |
Major surgery in prior 90-days | 40.6 | 44.6 | 9.0 | 41.8 | 41.8 | 0.0 |
Osteo- or rheumatoid arthritis | 23.3 | 22.3 | 3.1 | 23.2 | 23.2 | 0.0 |
Osteoporosis | 6.7 | 8.2 | 12.0 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 0.0 |
Pneumonia | 11.4 | 15.5 | 19.6 | 12.6 | 12.6 | 0.0 |
Psychosis | 2.0 | 2.9 | 21.0 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 |
Proteinuria | 3.8 | 3.9 | 1.5 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 0.0 |
Revascularization (CABG or PCI) | 20.8 | 26.3 | 16.9 | 22.7 | 22.7 | 0.0 |
Sleep apnea | 24.7 | 22.4 | 7.1 | 23.6 | 23.6 | 0.0 |
Smoker | 13.8 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 13.0 | 13.0 | 0.0 |
Vascular disease (prior MI, PAD or aortic plaque) | 26.8 | 33.1 | 16.6 | 28.7 | 28.7 | 0.0 |
Body weight < 60 kg | 3.7 | 5.2 | 19.6 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.0 |
Anti-hyperglycemic medications | ||||||
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor | 11.5 | 9.3 | 13.1 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 0.0 |
Glucagon-like peptide-1 analog | 4.9 | 2.4 | 40.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0.0 |
Insulin | 29.2 | 36.6 | 18.5 | 31.0 | 31.0 | 0.0 |
Metformin | 51.5 | 38.6 | 28.9 | 47.8 | 47.8 | 0.0 |
Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor | 3.4 | 1.0 | 68.8 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 |
Sulfonylurea or glinide | 25.9 | 28.1 | 6.2 | 26.8 | 26.8 | 0.0 |
Thiazolidinediones | 4.5 | 3.6 | 12.8 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 0.0 |
Other medications | ||||||
Amiodarone | 11.8 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 0.0 |
ACE inhibitor or ARB | 70.7 | 65.1 | 14.2 | 69.3 | 69.3 | 0.0 |
Alpha blocker | 14.7 | 16.7 | 8.3 | 15.3 | 15.3 | 0.0 |
Aspirin | 28.5 | 29.4 | 2.4 | 29.0 | 29.0 | 0.0 |
Barbiturate | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
Benzodiazepine | 16.5 | 17.2 | 2.8 | 16.7 | 16.7 | 0.0 |
Beta blocker | 73.2 | 74.0 | 2.3 | 73.3 | 73.3 | 0.0 |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker | 5.4 | 4.7 | 8.1 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 0.0 |
Digoxin | 9.5 | 14.9 | 28.2 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 0.0 |
Diltiazem | 20.0 | 17.7 | 8.3 | 19.3 | 19.3 | 0.0 |
Dronedarone | 1.9 | 1.1 | 30.6 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 0.0 |
Estrogen | 1.6 | 1.2 | 16.1 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 0.0 |
Histamine-2 receptor antagonist | 9.3 | 11.0 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 0.0 |
Levothyroxine | 16.7 | 18.6 | 7.2 | 17.3 | 17.3 | 0.0 |
Loop diuretic | 38.1 | 52.0 | 31.2 | 43.0 | 43.0 | 0.0 |
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug | 23.4 | 16.7 | 23.2 | 21.0 | 21.0 | 0.0 |
Other anti-arrhythmic agent | 8.8 | 5.8 | 24.8 | 7.9 | 7.9 | 0.0 |
Other antidepressant | 10.1 | 10.9 | 4.7 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 0.0 |
Other antiplatelet agent | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
Other cholesterol medication | 13.6 | 13.5 | 0.5 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 0.0 |
P2Y12 inhibitor | 6.9 | 7.0 | 0.9 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 0.0 |
Proton pump inhibitor | 35.6 | 38.2 | 6.2 | 36.2 | 36.2 | 0.0 |
SSRI or SNRI | 22.2 | 22.3 | 0.3 | 22.2 | 22.2 | 0.0 |
Statin | 70.0 | 69.7 | 0.8 | 70.0 | 70.0 | 0.0 |
Thiazide diuretic | 30.5 | 26.2 | 11.7 | 29.2 | 29.2 | 0.0 |
Verapamil | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.0 |
Time in therapeutic INR range (mean ± SD)a Median (25%, 75%) | – | 46 ± 28 47 (21, 66) | – | – | 47 ± 28 50 (24, 69) | – |
CHA2DS2VASc score (mean ± SD)a | 4.2 ± 1.5 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | – | 4.3 ± 1.5 | 4.3 ± 1.5 | – |
CHADS2 score (mean ± SD)a | 3.1 ± 1.2 | 3.4 ± 1.2 | – | 3.2 ± 1.2 | 3.2 ± 1.2 | – |
Modified HAS-BLED score (mean ± SD)a | 1.5 ± 0.8 | 1.7 ± 0.9 | – | 1.5 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 0.8 | – |