Traditional and non-traditional risk factors for peripheral artery disease development/progression in patients with type 2 diabetes: the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study

Table 2 Results of multivariate Cox regression analyses for the independent predictors of incidence/progression of peripheral artery disease

Independent covariates	Hazard ratio	95% CI	p-value
Baseline variables
Model 1:
Age (1 year increase)	1.03	1.01–1.06	0.017
Sex (male)	1.45	0.90–2.32	0.12
Diabetes duration (1 year increase)	1.03	1.00–1.06	0.037
Microvascular complications (present/absent)	1.78	1.00–3.15	0.047
HbA_1c (1% increase)	1.19	1.06–1.33	0.004
Office SBP (10 mmHg increase)	1.08	0.99–1.18	0.078
C-statistic = 0.707 (0.653–0.761)
Model 2:
Age (1 year increase)	1.04	1.01–1.07	0.005
Sex (male)	1.64	1.02–2.65	0.043
Diabetes duration (1 year increase)	1.04	1.01–1.07	0.016
Microvascular complications (present/absent)	1.71	0.97–3.03	0.064
HbA_1c (1% increase)	1.15	1.02–1.29	0.022
24-h SBP (10 mmHg increase)	1.30	1.13–1.49	< 0.001
C-statistic = 0.732 (0.682–0.782)*
Cumulative mean values until 2nd ABI measurement or occurrence of a hard outcome
Model 3:
Age (1 year increase)	1.02	1.00–1.05	0.10
Sex (male)	1.68	1.03–2.75	0.038
Diabetes duration (1 year increase)	1.04	1.01–1.07	0.005
Macrovascular complications (present/absent)	1.72	0.98–3.01	0.057
Microvascular complications (present/absent)	2.00	1.12–3.57	0.019
Mean office SBP (10 mmHg increase)	1.31	1.12–1.53	0.001
Mean LDL-cholesterol (10 mg/dL increase)	1.15	1.02–1.29	0.018
C-statistic = 0.722 (0.667–0.777)

Candidate variables to enter the baseline models were age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration, smoking status, physical activity, diabetic treatment (metformin and insulin), anti-hypertensive treatment (number and classes of drugs), baseline office (Model 1) and ambulatory (Model 2) systolic and diastolic BPs, macrovascular and microvascular complications at baseline, baseline HbA_1c, serum lipids (HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides), use of statins and aspirin, and C-reactive protein. In the cumulative mean values model (Model 3), baseline office BPs, HbA_1c and serum lipids were substituted for their respective cumulative mean values until 2nd ABI measurement or the occurrence of any hard outcome. Age, sex, and baseline ABI were included in all models regardless of their significance
CI confidence interval, SBP systolic blood pressure, LDL low-density lipoprotein
^*Significant (p < 0.05) increase in C-statistic in relation to baseline Model 1

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