Table 1 Baseline characteristics of all diabetic patients and divided according to the absence or presence of incidence/progression of peripheral artery disease (incidence defined as new ABI ≤ 0.90, and progression as a decrease in ABI > 0.15 in those with a basal ABI ≤ 0.90, or any lower limb revascularization procedure, any amputation above the ankle and death from PAD)
Characteristics | All patients (n = 681) | Patients without incidence/progression of PAD (n = 604) | Patients with incidence/progression of PAD (n = 77) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.9 (9.6) | 59.6 (9.7) | 62.6 (8.4) | 0.005 |
Male sex (%) | 39.7 | 38.7 | 43.4 | 0.25 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.7 (4.8) | 29.8 (4.9) | 29.1 (4.7) | 0.23 |
Smoking, current/past (%) | 44.8 | 43.5 | 55.3 | 0.066 |
Physical activity (% active) | 22.3 | 22.6 | 19.7 | 0.56 |
Diabetes duration (years) | 8 (3–15) | 8 (3–15) | 11 (6–20) | < 0.001 |
Chronic diabetic complications (%) | ||||
 Cerebrovascular disease | 9.0 | 8.9 | 9.2 | 0.93 |
 Coronary artery disease | 15.3 | 14.7 | 19.7 | 0.30 |
 Retinopathy | 32.6 | 30.7 | 47.4 | 0.004 |
 Nephropathy | 31.5 | 29.1 | 50.0 | < 0.001 |
 Peripheral neuropathy | 29 | 26.5 | 50.0 | < 0.001 |
Diabetes treatment (%) | ||||
 Metformin | 88.1 | 89.1 | 80.3 | 0.037 |
 Sulfonylureas | 42.9 | 42.6 | 44.7 | 0.73 |
 Insulin | 48.5 | 47.6 | 55.3 | 0.23 |
 Aspirin | 90.0 | 88.9 | 98.7 | 0.007 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 87.4 | 87.1 | 89.5 | 0.55 |
 Statins use (%) | 77.2 | 77.4 | 76.3 | 0.88 |
Arterial hypertension (%) | 86.5 | 86.0 | 90.8 | 0.25 |
Anti-hypertensive treatment | ||||
 Number of drugs (%) | 3 (1–3) | 3 (1–3) | 3 (2–4) | 0.22 |
 ACE inhibitors/AR blockers (%) | 81.4 | 80.2 | 90.8 | 0.025 |
 Diuretics (%) | 62.7 | 61.5 | 72.4 | 0.064 |
 Beta-blockers (%) | 45.8 | 45.6 | 47.4 | 0.77 |
 Calcium channel blockers (%) | 28.2 | 27.4 | 34.2 | 0.22 |
Blood pressures (mmHg) | ||||
 Office SBP | 147 (25) | 146 (24) | 154 (25) | 0.009 |
 Office DBP | 84 (13) | 84 (13) | 83 (12) | 0.46 |
 Ambulatory 24 h SBP | 128 (15) | 128 (15) | 134 (15) | 0.001 |
 Ambulatory 24 h DBP | 74 (10) | 74 (10) | 74 (9) | 0.50 |
 Cumulative mean office SBP | 140 (16) | 140 (16) | 146 (16) | 0.001 |
 Cumulative mean office DBP | 78 (10) | 78 (10) | 76 (9) | 0.14 |
Laboratory variables | ||||
 Fasting glycemia (mmol/L) | 8.9 (3.8) | 8.9 (3.8) | 9.1 (4.0) | 0.72 |
 Baseline HbA1c (%) | 8.0 (1.9) | 8.0 (1.9) | 8.2 (2.2) | 0.45 |
 (mmol/mol) | 63.9 (12.9) | 63.9 (12.9) | 66.1 (16.2) |  |
 Cumulative mean HbA1c (%) | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.8 (1.4) | 7.9 (1.4) | 0.52 |
 (mmol/mol) | 61.7 (11.1) | 61.7 (11.1) | 62.8 (11.1) |  |
 Triacylglycerol (mmol/L) | 2.0 (1.5) | 2.0 (1.5) | 2.1 (1.4) | 0.65 |
 Baseline HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.25 |
 Cumulative mean HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.3) | 1.1 (0.3) | 0.43 |
 Baseline LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.3 (0.9) | 0.008 |
 Cumulative mean LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.5 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | 0.16 |
 C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 2.8 (1.2–6.3) | 2.9 (1.2–6.4) | 2.4 (1.3–4.9) | 0.34 |
 Glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 81 (20) | 82 (20) | 75 (21) | 0.005 |
 Albuminuria (mg/24 h) | 13 (7–41) | 13 (7–38) | 21 (9–74) | 0.010 |
Time interval between ABI evaluations (months) | 91 (40) | 90 (41) | 100 (36) | 0.027 |
Baseline ABI | 1.07 (0.09) | 1.07 (0.09) | 1.04 (0.11) | 0.058 |
Follow-up ABI | 1.03 (0.14) | 1.07 (0.09) | 0.77 (0.20) | < 0.001 |
Aortic stiffness (cf-PWV, ms/s) | 10.9 (2.4) | 10.8 (2.2) | 12.5 (2.9) | < 0.001 |
Increased aortic stiffness (> 10 m/s, %) | 29.0 | 26.3 | 48.6 | < 0.001 |
CC-IMT (mm) | 1.05 (0.16) | 1.04 (0.15) | 1.13 (0.18) | < 0.001 |