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Table 1 Comparison of clinical studies that have investigated the effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on endothelial function

From: Cardiovascular surrogate markers and cardiometabolic therapeutics: a viewpoint learned from clinical trials on dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

DPP-4 inhibitor

Comparator

Observation period

Population

Result

Citation

Sitagliptin

None

12 weeks

T2D

Improved FMD

Kubota Y, et al.

J Korean Med Sci. 2012

Sitagliptin

Voglibose

6 weeks

T2D (men)

Decreased FMD

Ayaori M, et al.

J Am Heart Assoc. 2013

Alogliptin

(cross-over)

Post-prandial 8 h

Healthy volunteers

Improved FMD

Noda Y, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2013

Sitagliptin

Conventional therapy

6 months

Uncontrolled T2D and CAD

Improved RHI

Matsubara J, et al.

Circ J. 2013

Sitagliptin

Placebo

12 weeks

Newly diagnosed IGT or T2D with ACS

No change in RHI

Hage C, et al.

Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2014

Sitagliptin

Voglivose

12 weeks

Uncontrolled T2D

Improved FMD

Nakamura K, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2014

Teneligliptin

None

3 months

T2D

Improved FMD

Hashikata T, et al.

Heart Vessels. 2016

Trelagliptin

None

12 weeks

T2D

No change in FMD

Ida S, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016

Sitagliptin

Conventional therapy

24 months

T2D

No change in FMD

Maruhashi T, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016

Not specific

Conventional therapy

12 months

T2D

Improved FMD

Leung M, et al.

Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2016

Linagliptin

Placebo

12 weeks

T2D

FMD tended to improve

Baltzis D, et al.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016

Linagliptin

Placebo

4 weeks

T2D

Improved renal endothelial function

Ott C, et al.

Diabetologia. 2016

Linagliptin

Glimepiride

4 weeks

T2D (no history of ASCVD)

No change in FMD

Jax T, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017

Saxagliptin

Metformin

12 weeks

Newly diagnosed T2D

Improved FMD

Li F, et al.

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2017

Linagliptin

Metformin

16 weeks

Uncontrolled T2D

Improved FMD

Shigiyama F, et al.

J Diabetes Investig. 2017

Vildagliptin

Metformin

12 weeks

T2D

No change in FMD

Kitao N, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017

Saxagliptin

Metformin

12 months

T2D

Improved FMD

Dell’Oro R, et al.

High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2017

Linagliptin

Voglibose

12 weeks

Untreated and early stage T2D

Improved RHI

Koyama T, et al.

Heart Vessels. 2018

Linagliptin

Placebo

12 weeks

T2D and CAD

No change in FMD

Tripolt NJ, et al.

Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018

Saxagliptin

None

3 months

T2D

Improved FMD

Kajikawa M, et al.

Sci Rep. 2019

Vildagliptin

Glibenclamide

12 weeks

T2D and HT without ASCVD

No change in RHI

Cosenso-Martin LN, et al.

Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020

  1. ACS: acute coronary syndrome; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CAD: coronary artery disease; FMD: flow-mediated dilation; HT: hypertension; IGT: impaired glucose tolerance; RHI: reactive hyperemia index; T2D: type 2 diabetes