Table 3 Patient characteristics according to coronary artery calcium scores < or ≥ 100 Agatston units
CAC < 100 AU | CAC ≥ 100 AU | OR [95%CI] | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 320 | n = 89 | |||
Clinical characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 54.7 ± 12.2 | 65.7 ± 8.7 | < 0.0001 | |
Gender (Male/Female) | 164/156 | 54/35 | 0.7 [0.4–1.1] | 0.120 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.3 ± 6.0 | 28.2 ± 5.5 | 0.119 | |
Ethnicity | ||||
Caucasian | 57(17.9) | 31(34.8) | REF | |
Afro-Caribbean | 88(27.6) | 15(16.9) | 0.3 [0.2–0.6] | 0.001 |
Arabic | 116(36.4) | 30(33.7) | 0.5 [0.3–0.9] | 0.014 |
Asia | 47(14.7) | 10(11.2) | 0.4 [0.2–0.9] | 0.023 |
Other | 11(3.4) | 3(3.4) | 0.5 [0.1–1.9] | 0.316 |
Diabetes | ||||
Type | ||||
Type 1 | 52(16.2) | 4(4.5) | REF | |
Type 2 | 239(74.7) | 79(88.8) | 4.3 [1.5–12.3] | 0.006 |
Other | 29(9.1) | 6(6.7) | 2.7 [0.7–10.3] | 0.149 |
Time since diagnosis (years) | 12.9 ± 9.8 | 17.7 ± 10.8 | < 0.0001 | |
HbA1c (%) | 9.0 ± 2.3 | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 0.280 | |
Diabetes-related complication | ||||
Retinopathy | 116(37.8) | 44(51.8) | 1.8[1.1–2.9] | 0.025 |
Macular edema | 28(9.3) | 16(19.5) | 2.4 [1.2–4.6] | 0.018 |
Nephropathy | 100(33.0) | 48(55.2) | 2.5 [1.5–4.1] | < 0.0001 |
Neuropathy | 120(38.5) | 43(48.3) | 1.5 [0.9–2.4] | 0.112 |
Macrovascular disease | 30(9.4) | 32(36.0) | 5.4 [3.1–9.6] | < 0.0001 |
Additional cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
Family history of premature CAD | 27(21.8) | 6(24.0) | 1.1 [0.4–3.1] | 0.795 |
Hypertension | 163(50.9) | 61(69.3) | 2.2 [1.3–3.6] | 0.002 |
Dyslipidaemia | 171(53.4) | 67(76.1) | 2.8 [1.6–4.8] | < 0.0001 |
Current smoking | 52(16.2) | 19(21.3) | 1.4 [0.8–2.5] | 0.270 |
Cumulative tobacco consumption (pack-year) | 6.4 ± 14.1 | 14.7 ± 22.8 | < 0.0001 | |