|
Clinical characteristics
| | |
|
Age (years)
|
n = 409
|
57.1 ± 12.4
|
|
Gender (Male/Female)
|
n = 409
|
218/191
|
|
Body mass index (kg/m2)
|
n = 403
|
29.1 ± 5.9
|
|
Overweight or obese
|
n = 403
|
325 (79.5)
|
|
Obese
|
n = 403
|
158 (38.6)
|
|
Ethnicity
|
n = 408
| |
|
Caucasian
| |
88 (21.5)
|
|
Sub-Saharan Africa—Antilles
| |
103 (25.2)
|
|
Middle East, North Africa
| |
146 (35.7)
|
|
Asia
| |
57 (14.0)
|
|
Other
| |
14 (3.4)
|
|
Diabetes
| | |
|
Type
|
n = 409
| |
|
Type 1
| |
56 (13.7)
|
|
Type 2
| |
318 (77.8)
|
|
Other
| |
35 (8.6)
|
|
Treatment
| | |
|
Oral antidiabetic agents
|
n = 408
|
295 (72.1)
|
|
Glucagon-like peptid 1 agonists
|
n = 408
|
75 (18.3)
|
|
Insulin
|
n = 408
|
252 (61.6)
|
|
Time since diagnosis (years)
|
n = 409
|
14.0 ± 10.2
|
|
HbA1c, %
|
n = 403
|
9.0 ± 2.3
|
|
Retinopathy
|
n = 392
|
160 (39.1)
|
|
Macular edema
|
n = 382
|
44 (10.8)
|
|
Nephropathy
|
n = 390
|
148 (36.2)
|
|
Albuminuria
|
n = 389
|
135 (33.0)
|
|
Renal failure
|
n = 409
|
39 (9.5)
|
|
Neuropathy
|
n = 401
|
163 (39.9)
|
|
Peripheral arterial occlusive disease
|
n = 409
|
37 (9.0)
|
|
History of stroke
|
n = 409
|
13 (3.2)
|
|
History of heart failure
|
n = 356
|
5 (1.2)
|
|
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
|
n = 409
|
4 (1.0)
|
|
Additional cardiovascular risk factors
| | |
|
Family history of premature CAD
|
n = 149
|
33 (8.1)
|
|
Hypertension
|
n = 408
|
224 (54.8)
|
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
n = 408
|
135 ± 18
|
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)
|
n = 408
|
77 ± 13
|
|
Dyslipidemia
|
n = 408
|
238 (58.2)
|
|
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
n = 409
|
4.4 ± 1.2
|
|
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
n = 409
|
1.2 ± 0.4
|
|
Triglycerides (mmol/L)
|
n = 409
|
1.7 ± 1.2
|
|
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
n = 406
|
2.4 ± 0.9
|
|
Non HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)
|
n = 409
|
3.2 ± 1.1
|
|
Current smoking
|
n = 409
|
71 (17.4)
|
|
Smoking history (pack-year)
|
n = 386
|
8.2 ± 16.6
|
|
Computed tomography results
| | |
|
Epicardial adipose tissue volume (cm3)
|
n = 409
|
92 ± 37
|
|
CAC score (Agatston unit)
|
n = 409
|
116 ± 332
|
