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Table 2 The risk of atrial fibrillation according to the cumulative number of MetS and each component diagnosed during four health examinations (0 to 4 times)

From: Cumulative burden of metabolic syndrome and its components on the risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based study

The number of meeting the component

No. of participants

AF

IR (1000PY)

HR (95% CI)

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Metabolic syndrome

 0

1,800,268

7584

0.80

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 1

428,143

3025

1.35

1.69 (1.62–1.77)

1.21 (1.16–1.27)

1.18 (1.13–1.24)

 2

250,073

2248

1.72

2.16 (2.06–2.27)

1.37 (1.31–1.44)

1.31 (1.25–1.39)

 3

188,847

2071

2.10

2.64 (2.52–2.77)

1.55 (1.48–1.63)

1.46 (1.38–1.55)

 4

217,858

3184

2.81

3.54 (3.39–3.69)

1.87 (1.80–1.95)

1.72 (1.63–1.82)

    

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Increased waist circumference

 0

2,063,537

10,304

0.95

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 1

298,977

2292

1.47

1.55 (1.48–1.63)

1.24 (1.19–1.30)

1.12 (1.06–1.17)

 2

171,305

1487

1.66

1.76 (1.67–1.86)

1.31 (1.24–1.39)

1.13 (1.06–1.20)

 3

147,806

1570

2.04

2.16 (2.05–2.28)

1.56 (1.48–1.64)

1.29 (1.21–1.37)

 4

203,564

2459

2.32

2.46 (2.35–2.57)

1.76 (1.69–1.84)

1.35 (1.27–1.44)

    

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Impaired fasting glucose

 0

1,290,283

5344

0.78

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 1

682,047

3952

1.10

1.41 (1.35–1.47)

1.11 (1.06–1.16)

1.08 (1.03–1.12)

 2

385,692

2949

1.46

1.87 (1.79–1.95)

1.22 (1.17–1.28)

1.16 (1.10–1.21)

 3

244,101

2323

1.82

2.33 (2.22–2.45)

1.30 (1.23–1.36)

1.19 (1.13–1.26)

 4

283,066

3544

2.41

3.08 (2.96–3.22)

1.39 (1.33–1.45)

1.22 (1.15–1.29)

    

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Low HDL-C

 0

1,817,377

9598

1.00

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 1

439,918

2973

1.29

1.29 (1.24–1.34)

1.17 (1.12–1.22)

1.15 (1.10–1.20)

 2

242,845

1817

1.43

1.43 (1.36–1.50)

1.23 (1.17–1.29)

1.19 (1.13–1.26)

 3

182,602

1585

1.65

1.65 (1.56–1.74)

1.40 (1.32–1.47)

1.35 (1.28–1.43)

 4

202,447

2139

2.02

2.02 (1.92–2.11)

1.52 (1.45–1.59)

1.44 (1.37–1.52)

    

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Elevated blood pressure

 0

994,829

3048

0.58

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 1

568,202

2461

0.82

1.42 (1.34–1.49)

1.12 (1.07–1.19)

1.13 (1.07–1.19)

 2

417,544

2492

1.14

1.96 (1.86–2.07)

1.33 (1.26–1.41)

1.35 (1.28–1.43)

 3

343,192

2510

1.40

2.41 (2.29–2.54)

1.41 (1.34–1.49)

1.44 (1.36–1.53)

 4

561,422

7601

2.59

4.48 (4.29–4.67)

1.97 (1.88–2.05)

1.96 (1.87–2.07)

    

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Elevated TG

 0

1,284,347

6255

0.92

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

1.00 (Reference)

 1

506,800

3189

1.20

1.30 (1.24–1.35)

1.07 (1.02–1.11)

1.06 (1.01–1.11)

 2

352,286

2415

1.31

1.42 (1.35–1.48)

1.06 (1.01–1.12)

1.05(1.00–1.11)

 3

316,707

2435

1.46

1.59 (1.51–1.66)

1.15 (1.09–1.20)

1.13 (1.08–1.20)

 4

425,049

3818

1.71

1.86 (1.79–1.94)

1.29 (1.24–1.34)

1.27 (1.21–1.34)

    

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

  1. Model 1 is unadjusted
  2. Model 2 is adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, and low income
  3. Model 3 is adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, alcohol intake, regular exercise, low income, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, logarithm of TG, and HDL-C level
  4. AF atrial fibrillation, IR incidence rate, PY person-years, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG triglycerides
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840