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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the total study population according to the cumulative number of MetS diagnosed at each health examination (0 to 4 times)

From: Cumulative burden of metabolic syndrome and its components on the risk of atrial fibrillation: a nationwide population-based study

 

Total

The number of the presence of metabolic syndrome

p

0

1

2

3

4

No. of participants (%)

2,885,189 (100.0)

1,800,268 (62.4)

428,143 (14.8)

250,073 (8.7)

188,847 (6.5)

217,858 (7.6)

 

Age (years)

44.54 ± 10.85

42.38 ± 10.39

46.30 ± 10.58

47.93 ± 10.66

49.11 ± 10.49

51.07 ± 10.16

 < 0.001

Sex

 Male

2,058,645 (71.4)

1,197,934 (66.5)

337,756 (78.9)

200,399 (80.1)

152,483 (80.7)

170,073 (78.1)

 < 0.001

 Female

826,544 (28.7)

602,334 (33.5)

90,387 (21.1)

49,674 (19.9)

36,364 (19.3)

47,785 (21.9)

 

Smoking

 < 0.001

 Never smoker

1,369,623 (47.5)

938,078 (52.1)

174,286 (40.7)

97,977 (39.2)

72,215 (38.2)

87,067 (40.0)

 

 Ex-smoker

601,896 (20.9)

336,101 (18.7)

100,158 (23.4)

61,532 (24.6)

48,473 (25.7)

55,632 (25.5)

 

 Current smoker

913,670 (31.7)

526,089 (29.2)

153,699 (35.9)

90,564 (36.2)

68,159 (36.1)

75,159 (34.5)

 

Alcohol consumptiona

 < 0.001

 Non-drinker

1,131,332 (39.2)

728,676 (40.5)

156,540 (36.6)

91,741 (36.7)

69,234 (36.7)

85,141 (39.1)

 

 Mild to moderate drinker

1,511,675 (52.4)

947,766 (52.7)

228,079 (53.3)

130,842 (52.3)

97,706 (51.7)

107,282 (49.2)

 

 Heavy drinker

242,182 (8.4)

123,826 (6.9)

43,524 (10.2)

27,490 (11.0)

21,907 (11.6)

25,435 (11.7)

 

 Regular exerciseb

642,402 (22.3)

390,171 (21.7)

98,815 (23.1)

57,963 (23.2)

43,981 (23.3)

51,472 (23.6)

 < 0.001

 Low incomec

579,366 (20.1)

329,917 (18.3)

89,519 (20.9)

55,953 (22.4)

43,219 (22.9)

60,758 (27.9)

 < 0.001

Comorbidities

 Diabetes mellitus

204,495 (7.1)

35,151 (2.0)

28,569 (6.7)

28,964 (11.6)

35,968 (19.1)

75,843 (34.8)

 < 0.001

 Hypertension

597,210 (20.7)

173,667 (9.7)

106,689 (24.9)

89,778 (35.9)

88,335 (46.8)

138,741 (63.7)

 < 0.001

 Dyslipidemia

499,947 (17.3)

177,145 (9.8)

87,677 (20.5)

68,089 (27.2)

64,119 (34.0)

102,917 (47.2)

 < 0.001

 PAD

198,421 (6.9)

76,179 (4.2)

32,740 (7.7)

25,468 (10.2)

24,067 (12.7)

39,967 (18.3)

 < 0.001

 COPD

590,393 (20.5)

344,502 (19.1)

89,663 (20.9)

56,012 (22.4)

44,029 (23.3)

56,187 (25.8)

 < 0.001

 MI

37,979 (1.3)

15,751 (0.9)

6212 (1.5)

4545 (1.8)

4269 (2.3)

7202 (3.3)

 < 0.001

 HF

32,611 (1.13)

12,590 (0.7)

5126 (1.2)

4122 (1.65)

3952 (2.09)

6821 (3.13)

 < 0.001

 Cancer

42,378 (1.5)

24,148 (1.3)

6579 (1.5)

4077 (1.6)

3364 (1.8)

4210 (1.9)

 < 0.001

 CKD

56,830 (2.0)

23,580 (1.3)

8867 (2.1)

7108 (2.8)

6702 (3.6)

10,573 (4.9)

 < 0.001

Laboratory findings

 BMI (kg/m2)

23.84 ± 3.16

22.72 ± 2.66

24.80 ± 2.75

25.68 ± 2.88

26.34 ± 3.00

26.91 ± 3.22

 < 0.001

 Waist circumference (cm)

80.79 ± 8.85

77.55 ± 7.76

83.72 ± 7.25

86.15 ± 7.40

87.96 ± 7.58

89.50 ± 8.17

 < 0.001

 Systolic BP (mmHg)

121.68 ± 13.55

118.11 ± 12.45

125.18 ± 12.66

127.71 ± 12.91

129.38 ± 13.17

130.65 ± 13.81

 < 0.001

 Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76.59 ± 9.48

74.39 ± 8.84

78.80 ± 8.97

80.37 ± 9.19

81.39 ± 9.44

81.94 ± 9.85

 < 0.001

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

96.7 ± 20.65

91.64 ± 13.28

98.76 ± 19.15

103.09 ± 23.41

108.24 ± 28.56

117.16 ± 36.52

 < 0.001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

195.09 ± 35.07

191.10 ± 32.91

200.74 ± 35.66

203.00 ± 37.03

203.23 ± 38.35

200.80 ± 40.45

 < 0.001

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

54.78 ± 14.83

58.13 ± 14.4

51.13 ± 13.84

49.00 ± 13.74

47.55 ± 13.41

47.08 ± 13.73

 < 0.001

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

113.98 ± 32.14

111.91 ± 30.09

118.58 ± 33.16

118.82 ± 34.72

117.50 ± 35.94

113.46 ± 37.65

 < 0.001

 eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2)

92.75 ± 37.86

94.19 ± 38.14

91.57 ± 37.51

90.37 ± 37.02

89.73 ± 38.14

88.56 ± 36.24

 < 0.001

 Triglyceride (mg/dL)

135.98 ± 92.48

106.77 ± 64.50

160.86 ± 94.11

184.62 ± 106.67

201.99 ± 114.90

215.47 ± 126.08

 < 0.001

Medication

 Statin

245,676 (8.5)

56,971 (3.2)

39,209 (9.2)

36,314 (14.5)

38,637 (20.5)

74,545 (34.2)

 < 0.001

  1. Data are presented as means ± SD or No. (Percentages)
  2. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding
  3. MetS metabolic syndrome, PAD peripheral artery disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, MI myocardial infarction, HF heart failure, CKD chronic kidney disease, BMI body mass index, BP blood pressure, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate
  4. aAlcohol consumption denotes as following
  5. Non-drinker: alcohol consumption 0 g
  6. Mild to moderate drinker: alcohol consumption > 0 g to < 30 g per day
  7. Heavy drinker: alcohol consumption ≥ 30 g per day
  8. bRegular exercise denotes performing > 30 min of moderate-intensity exercise (e.g. brisk pace walking, tennis doubles, or bicycling leisurely) ≥ 5 times a week or > 20 min of vigorous-intensity exercise (e.g. running, climbing, fast cycling, or aerobics) ≥ 3 times a week
  9. cLow income denotes income belongs to lower 20% among entire Korean population of subjects supported by the Medical Aid program
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Cardiovascular Diabetology

ISSN: 1475-2840