Cost-effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus insulin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a real-world study and systematic review

Table 2 Disaggregated results of costs per subject over a mean follow-up period of 2.28 years for a cost-effectiveness analysis

	GLP-1RAs (n = 1022)	Insulin (n = 1022)	ΔCost
Third-party payer perspective
Baseline costs	2119	2672	− 552
Third-party payer costs	6969	7813	− 844
Third-party payer costs (adjusted^a)	9189	8221	969
Healthcare sector perspective
Baseline costs	2330	2807	− 477
Out-of-pocket expenses	337	313	24
Emergency costs	282	1171	− 890
Diagnosis and treatment	272	1056	− 783
Pharmaceutical service (including medication)	9	116	− 106
Outpatient costs	4826	4106	721
Diagnosis	498	509	− 12
Treatment	1058	1201	− 143
Pharmaceutical service	83	80	4
Medication	3187	2316	871
Inpatient costs	1322	2153	− 831
Room	270	457	− 187
Diagnosis	87	141	− 54
Therapy and examination	612	1023	− 412
Pharmaceutical service	20	31	− 11
Medication	164	282	− 117
Special materials	169	220	− 51
Pharmacy costs	876	696	180
Pharmaceutical service	28	29	− 1
Medication	829	636	193
Special materials	19	31	− 12
Healthcare sector costs	7306	8126	− 820
Healthcare sector costs (adjusted^a)	8374	8716	− 342

ΔCost: difference in costs per subject between GLP-1RA and insulin users over a mean follow-up period; GLP-1RAs: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists
All costs are presented in 2019 US dollars and rounded to the nearest integer
^aCosts were measured for the follow-up period from the first prescription of the stable use of a GLP-1RA or insulin (the index date) to withdrawal from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance program, death, or the end of 2016, whichever came first. The total medical costs were adjusted for the baseline medical costs, which were the total medical costs within 1 year before the index date

ISSN: 1475-2840